寶鑑Bogam

Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑

The Kidney

Sinjang

한글 신장  ·  Pinyin Shen Zang

The two beans on the spine — the left the kidney and the right the gate of life, ruling winter and water, fear and the ears, bones and hair and the essence, and the one organ that cannot be drained

腎臟

The last of the five viscera, and the one with two extra sections, because the kidney is two. Each is shaped like a red bean, and the pair lie curled against the spine in a coat of fat, white inside and black outside, nine nyang apiece; the Nanjing says the left is the kidney and the right the gate of life, where essence and spirit lodge and the origin qi is tied. The kidney rules winter and the days im and gye, water and cold and the colour black, the ears and the bones and the hair, fear and spittle and groaning. Its injury is heavy lifting, too much of the bedchamber, and a cold bath while sweating; its disease is aching bones, a heavy back and a cold shin; it eases in spring and worsens in late summer. Its treatment has a rule no other organ has: the kidney has no repletion and cannot be drained — Qian Yi wrote a pill to supplement it and none to drain it. So the chapter's six formulas are all supplements, three for the water of the left kidney and three for the fire of the right, and Zhongjing's Eight Ingredients Pill is the root of both lines. The signs of its end are teeth that lengthen and grime, hair without sheen, and a lumbus that feels about to break.

6.1 The Form of the Kidney 腎形象

6.1.1
Source원문

腎藏有二. 形如紅豆, 相幷而曲附於膂筋, 外有脂裹, 裏白表黑, 主藏精. 《內經》

Translation영역
The kidney viscus is two. Each is shaped like a red bean; they lie side by side, curled against the sinews of the spine, wrapped in fat on the outside, white within and black without. They govern the storing of essence.
Clinical note임상 주석
A pair of beans in fat against the spine — the most accurate description of an organ in the five chapters, because the kidneys are the easiest to see in a carcass.

Naegyeong 內經

6.1.2
Source원문

腎有兩枚, 重各九兩, 共一斤二兩. 左屬水而右屬火, 男以左腎爲主, 女以右腎爲主.

Translation영역
The kidney has two, each weighing nine nyang, one geun two nyang together. The left belongs to water and the right to fire; in a man the left kidney is master, and in a woman the right.
Clinical note임상 주석
Nine nyang each is about three hundred and forty grams; a kidney is about a hundred and fifty. The left-water, right-fire division is 6.2's, and the male-left, female-right rule is the Women chapter's 1.4.

Nangyeong 難經

6.1.3
Source원문

腎形如紅豆, 相幷如環, 曲貼脊膂膜中, 裏白外紫. 兩腎二系相通下行, 其上則與心系通而爲一, 所謂坎北离南, 水火相感者也. 《入門》

Translation영역
The kidneys are shaped like red beans, lying side by side like a ring, curled against the membranes of the spine, white within and purple without. The two cords of the two kidneys join and run downward, and above they join the heart's cord as one — this is what is meant by kan in the north and li in the south, water and fire affecting each other.
Clinical note임상 주석
The kidney's cord runs up to the heart's — the Heart chapter's 3.2.2 gave the same cord from above — and the Immun reads it as the trigrams: kan the water below, li the fire above, joined by a vessel. The Heart chapter's coptis-and-cinnamon formula works on this cord.

Immun 入門

6.2 The Kidney Viscus Is Two 腎臟有二

6.2.1
Source원문

藏各有一, 腎獨有兩者, 何也. 然腎兩者, 非皆腎也. 其左爲腎, 其右爲命門, 命門者, 精神之所舍, 元氣之所係也. 男子以藏精, 女子以繫胞. 故知腎有一也. 《難經》

Translation영역
Each viscus is one, and the kidney alone is two — why? The two kidneys are not both kidney. The left is the kidney, and the right is the gate of life. The gate of life is where essence and spirit lodge and what the origin qi is tied to; in a man it stores the essence, in a woman it holds the uterus. So one knows the kidney is one.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Nanjing's thirty-sixth difficulty, and the doctrine every later account of the kidney rests on: two organs, one water and one fire, and the fire is the 命門, the gate of life. The Fire chapter's ministerial fire lives here, and 6.11.7 sorts the chapter's formulas by which kidney they feed.

Nangyeong 難經

6.2.2
Source원문

命門非正藏, 三焦非正府也. 《入門》

Translation영역
The gate of life is not a proper viscus, and the three burners are not a proper bowel.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Immun's caution: the gate of life and the three burners are functions with no organ of their own. The Ojangyukbu chapter's 1.4 called the three burners the solitary bowel on the same reasoning.

Immun 入門

6.3 The Position of the Kidney 腎部位

6.3.1
Source원문

腎與臍相對, 與腰相應.

Translation영역
The kidney is opposite the navel and corresponds to the lumbus.

Naegyeong 內經

6.3.2
Source원문

腰者, 腎之外候.

Translation영역
The lumbus is the kidney's outer sign.
Clinical note임상 주석
Four graphs, and the Lumbus chapter's foundation: the lower back is where the kidney shows, and every lumbar pain is read there first.

Naegyeong 內經

6.3.3
Source원문

腎爲列女, 在後宮, 有兩枚. 《類聚》

Translation영역
The kidney is the maidens of the rear palace, and there are two of them.

Yuchwi 類聚

6.3.4
Source원문

京門二穴, 腎之募也. 在腰中挾脊, 季肋下一寸八分. 在背則腎兪在脊十四顀下兩傍, 命門穴在脊十四顀下, 與臍相對, 乃腎之部位也. 《銅人》

Translation영역
The two points Gyeongmun (京門, GB25) are the kidney's alarm points, at the waist beside the spine, one chon eight pun below the lowest rib. On the back, Sinsu (腎兪, BL23) is on either side below the fourteenth vertebra, and the point Myeongmun (命門, GV4) is below the fourteenth vertebra opposite the navel. These are the kidney's territory.
Clinical note임상 주석
Three points where the other organs had two, because the gate of life has its own — Myeongmun, on the midline between the two Sinsu, opposite the navel. The Blood chapter's 1.30.11 moxaed here by measurement without naming it.

Dongin 銅人

6.3.5
Source원문

命門之系, 卽心包絡, 其經手厥陰, 其府三焦, 其部分在心下橫膈膜之上, 竪斜膈膜之下, 與橫膜相粘. 其處黃脂漫包者心也. 其漫脂之外, 有細筋膜如絲, 與心肺相連者, 此包絡也. 《入門》

Translation영역
The cord of the gate of life is the pericardium; its channel is the hand reverting yin and its bowel the three burners. Its place is below the heart, above the horizontal diaphragm and below the oblique membrane, adhering to the horizontal membrane. What is wrapped there in spreading yellow fat is the heart; outside that spreading fat is a fine sinewy membrane like silk, joined to heart and lung — this is the pericardium.
Clinical note임상 주석
The gate of life's cord is the pericardium — so the fire of the right kidney and the membrane round the heart are one system, and the hand reverting yin channel runs between them. The Heart chapter's 3.10 gave the pericardium as what takes the heart's blows; the Immun ties it to the kidney's fire.

Immun 入門

6.4 The Season and Days the Kidney Rules 腎主時日

6.4.1
Source원문

腎主冬, 足少陰太陽主治, 其日壬癸.

Translation영역
The kidney rules winter; the foot lesser yin and greater yang govern its treatment; its days are im and gye.

Naegyeong 內經

6.4.2
Source원문

北方生寒, 寒生水, 水生醎, 醎生腎.

Translation영역
The north engenders cold, cold engenders water, water engenders saltiness, and saltiness engenders the kidney.

Naegyeong 內經

6.4.3
Source원문

腎爲陰中之少陰, 通於冬氣. 《內經》

Translation영역
The kidney is the lesser yin within yin, and communicates with the qi of winter.

Naegyeong 內經

6.4.4
Source원문

腎主受水穀之精而至靜, 惟子時濁氣一動而已. 《入門》

Translation영역
The kidney governs the receiving of the essence of water and grain and is utterly still; only at the ja hour does the turbid qi stir once.
Clinical note임상 주석
The kidney moves once a day, at midnight — the ja hour the Essence chapter's 3.7.1 made the hour of cultivation, when the yang first stirs. The stillest organ has one moment, and the practice is timed to it.

Immun 入門

6.5 The Things That Belong to the Kidney 腎屬物類

6.5.1
Source원문

腎在天爲寒, 在地爲水, 在卦爲坎, 在體爲骨, 在藏爲腎, 在色爲黑, 在音爲羽, 在聲爲呻, 在變動爲慄, 在竅爲耳, 在味爲醎, 在志爲恐, 其脉爲足少陰, 其液爲唾, 其榮爲髮, 其臭爲腐, 其數爲六, 其穀爲豆, 其畜爲彘, 其蟲爲鱗, 其果爲栗, 其菜爲藿. 《內經》 其經足少陰. 《內經》

Translation영역
The kidney in heaven is cold, on earth water, in the trigrams kan, in the body the bones, among the viscera the kidney, in colour black, in the notes u, in sounds groaning, in change shivering, in the orifices the ears, in flavours salty, in the minds fear; its channel is the foot lesser yin, its fluid spittle, its bloom the hair, its odour putrid, its number six, its grain the bean, its animal the pig, its creatures the scaled, its fruit the chestnut, its vegetable bean-leaf, and its channel the foot lesser yin.
Clinical note임상 주석
The kidney's column. 其液爲唾, spittle — the thick saliva as against the spleen's thin drool, and the Essence chapter's 3.19 practice swallowed it back to the kidney. 其榮爲髮, the hair: the Hair chapter's rule that hair is the kidney's bloom and blood's surplus.

Naegyeong 內經

6.6 The Size of the Kidney 腎臟大小

6.6.1
Source원문

腎者主爲外, 使之遠聽, 視耳好惡, 以知其性.

Translation영역
The kidney is the master of the outside, sent to hear from afar. Look at whether the ears are good or ill to know its nature.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.6.2
Source원문

黑色小理者腎小, 麄理者腎大. 耳高者腎高, 耳後陷者腎下. 耳堅者腎堅, 耳薄不堅者腎脆. 耳好前居牙車者腎端正, 耳偏高者腎偏傾也.

Translation영역
A black complexion with fine skin-grain means a small kidney, with coarse grain a large one. High ears mean a high kidney; ears sunken behind, a low one. Firm ears mean a firm kidney; thin, unfirm ears, a brittle one. Good ears set forward by the jaw mean an upright kidney; an ear higher on one side, a tilted one.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.6.3
Source원문

腎小則藏安難傷, 腎大則善病腰痛易傷於邪. 腎高則苦背膂痛不可以俛仰, 腎下則腰尻痛或爲狐疝. 腎堅則不病腰背痛, 腎脆則善病消癉. 腎端正則和利難傷, 腎偏傾則苦腰尻痛也. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
A small kidney is at ease and hard to injure; a large one is prone to lumbar pain and easily injured by evil. A high kidney suffers pain of the back and spine and cannot bend or straighten; a low one has pain of lumbus and sacrum, or fox mounting. A firm kidney is not troubled with lumbar and back pain; a brittle one is prone to wasting thirst. An upright kidney is harmonious and hard to injure; a tilted one suffers pain of lumbus and sacrum.
Clinical note임상 주석
The kidney read from the ears, its orifice — and the fifth mention of wasting thirst for a brittle organ. The Lingshu put diabetes in every viscus that could be brittle, and the Wasting Thirst chapter sorts its three kinds by which one.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.7 The Patterns of Kidney Injury 腎傷證

6.7.1
Source원문

有所用力擧重, 若入房過度, 汗出浴水則傷腎. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
Straining to lift a weight, or entering the bedchamber past measure, or bathing in water while sweating, injures the kidney.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.7.2
Source원문

久坐濕地, 强力入水則傷腎. 《難經》

Translation영역
Long sitting on damp ground and forcing oneself into water injure the kidney.
Clinical note임상 주석
Lifting, the bedchamber, and cold water on a sweating body — the three the Ojangyukbu chapter's 1.11 gave, and the Essence chapter's 3.6 spent a section on the second. The Nanjing's 强力入水 is read as 强力入房 in the Ojangyukbu text; the Bogam carries both.

Nangyeong 難經

6.8 The Patterns of Kidney Disease 腎病證

6.8.1
Source원문

邪在腎則病骨痛陰痺. 陰痺者, 按之而不得, 腹脹腰痛, 大便難, 肩背頸項痛, 時眩. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
Where the evil is in the kidney, the disease is bone pain and yin impediment. Yin impediment is what cannot be found by pressing — abdominal distension and lumbar pain, difficult stool, pain of shoulder, back, neck and nape, and dizziness from time to time.
Clinical note임상 주석
按之而不得 — cannot be found by pressing. The kidney's pain is deep, in the bone, and the hand on the surface does not reach it. The Bones chapter's whole reading of bone pain as the kidney's rests here.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.8.2
Source원문

脾傳之腎, 病名曰疝瘕, 少腹寃熱而痛, 出白. 一名曰蠱. 註曰, 出白, 謂溲出白液也.

Translation영역
Where the spleen passes it to the kidney, the disease is named mounting conglomeration — the lower abdomen hot and vexed with pain, and white discharged; it is also called gu. The commentary says: white discharged means a white fluid passed with the urine.
Clinical note임상 주석
Earth overcoming water, and the sign is the Essence chapter's 3.13 — 白淫, white seepage, here called 出白. The control-cycle passage that kills, for the kidney.

Naegyeong 內經

6.8.3
Source원문

腎熱者, 色黑而齒枯.

Translation영역
Where the kidney is hot, the complexion is black and the teeth withered.

Naegyeong 內經

6.8.4
Source원문

大骨枯槁, 大肉陷下, 肩髓內消, 動作益衰, 眞藏來見, 期一歲死, 見其眞藏, 乃予之期日. 註曰, 此腎之藏也. 期後三百六十五日內死. 《內經》

Translation영역
The great bones withered, the great muscles sunken, the marrow of the shoulders wasted within, movement declining ever further — the true viscus arriving, death is expected within a year, and when the true viscus is seen the day is set. The commentary says: this is the kidney as a viscus; death within three hundred and sixty-five days.
Clinical note임상 주석
A year for the kidney — the longest of the five, where the heart had a month. The kidney's final disease is the slowest, because the organ that stores is the last to empty.

Naegyeong 內經

6.8.5
Source원문

外證, 面黑, 善恐, 數欠. 內證, 臍下有動氣, 按之牢若痛. 其病逆氣, 小腹急痛, 泄如下重, 足脛寒而逆. 《難經》

Translation영역
The outer signs are a black face, readiness to fear and frequent yawning; the inner sign is stirring qi below the navel, firm under pressure and painful. Its disease is counterflowing qi, urgent pain of the lower abdomen, diarrhoea with a heavy downward drag, and the feet and shins cold and reversed.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Nanjing's test for the kidney — black, fearful, yawning — and the pulsation below the navel. The fifth quadrant: left for the liver, above for the heart, centre for the spleen, right for the lung, below for the kidney. The tradition's map of the belly is complete.

Nangyeong 難經

6.9 Vacuity and Repletion in Kidney Disease 腎病虛實

6.9.1
Source원문

腎氣虛則厥, 實則脹.

Translation영역
Where the kidney qi is vacuous there is reversal; where it is replete, distension.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.9.2
Source원문

腎實則腹大脛腫, 喘咳, 身重, 寢汗出, 憎風, 虛則胸中痛, 大腹小腹痛, 淸厥意不樂. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
Where the kidney is replete the abdomen is large and the shins swollen, there is panting and cough, the body is heavy, sweat comes in sleep and one hates the wind; where it is vacuous there is pain in the chest, pain of the greater and lesser abdomen, cold reversal and a joyless mind.
Clinical note임상 주석
The full kidney is the oedema of the Oedema chapter — a big belly, swollen shins, panting — and the empty one is cold limbs and a low mood. 6.11.6 will say the first does not exist, and the Bogam records the Lingshu's description anyway.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.9.3
Source원문

腎虛則心懸如飢, 善恐. 《入門》

Translation영역
Where the kidney is vacuous the heart hangs as if hungry, and one is quick to fear.
Clinical note임상 주석
心懸如飢 — the heart suspended, as if hungry. The Immun's phrase for the gnawing anxiety of kidney vacuity, and the Liver chapter's 2.8.2 gave the same fear as 如人將捕之.

Immun 入門

6.10 Remission and Worsening of Kidney Disease 腎病間甚

6.10.1
Source원문

病在腎, 愈在春, 春不愈, 甚於長夏, 長夏不死, 持於秋, 起於冬.

Translation영역
Where the disease is in the kidney it heals in spring; if it does not heal in spring it worsens in late summer; if it does not kill in late summer it holds in autumn and rises in winter.

Naegyeong 內經

6.10.2
Source원문

腎病者, 愈在甲乙, 甲乙不愈, 甚於戊己, 戊己不死, 持於庚辛, 起於壬癸.

Translation영역
Kidney disease heals on gap and eul days; if it does not heal on gap and eul it worsens on mu and gi; if it does not kill on mu and gi it holds on gyeong and sin and rises on im and gye.

Naegyeong 內經

6.10.3
Source원문

腎病者, 夜半慧, 四季甚, 下晡靜. 《內經》

Translation영역
Kidney disease is clear at midnight, worse at the four season-ends, and quiet in the late afternoon.
Clinical note임상 주석
Water's clock: spring and wood ease it, late summer and earth worsen it, autumn and metal hold it, winter and water stir it. Clear at midnight — the one hour 6.4.4 said the kidney moves.

Naegyeong 內經

6.11 The Treatment of Kidney Disease 腎病治法

6.11.1
Source원문

腎苦燥, 急食辛以潤之, 開腠理, 致津液, 通氣也. 腎欲堅, 急食苦以堅之, 用苦補之, 醎瀉之. 《內經》

Translation영역
The kidney suffers from dryness; quickly eat acrid things to moisten it — they open the interstices, bring the fluids, and free the qi. The kidney wishes to be firm; quickly eat bitter things to firm it — use bitterness to supplement it and saltiness to drain it.
Clinical note임상 주석
Acrid to moisten and bitter to firm — the kidney's rules, and the first is the surprising one. Acrid disperses, and the Suwen says that opening the pores brings the fluids; the dry kidney is helped by what moves rather than what wets.

Naegyeong 內經

6.11.2
Source원문

腎苦燥, 宜知母ㆍ黃柏, 腎欲堅, 宜知母. 補以黃柏, 瀉以澤瀉. 又曰, 腎虛, 宜熟地黃. 《東垣》

Translation영역
For the kidney suffering from dryness, anemarrhena and phellodendron are suitable; for the kidney wishing to be firm, anemarrhena. Supplement with phellodendron and drain with alisma. It is also said: for kidney vacuity, cooked rehmannia.
Clinical note임상 주석
Dongwon's medicinals, and phellodendron as a supplement is the one to notice — bitter and cold, and the tradition's supplement for the kidney's water because it firms. Bosin-hwan is built on it, and rehmannia is the other line.

Dongwon 東垣

6.11.3
Source원문

腎病, 宜食辛, 黃黍ㆍ雞肉ㆍ桃ㆍ葱, 取其辛潤也. 《內經》

Translation영역
In kidney disease it is suitable to eat acrid things — yellow millet, fowl, peach and scallion — taking their acrid moistening.

Naegyeong 內經

6.11.4
Source원문

腎病, 宜食大豆ㆍ豕肉ㆍ栗ㆍ藿, 取本味也. 《甲乙經》

Translation영역
In kidney disease it is suitable to eat soybean, pork, chestnut and bean-leaf, taking the organ's own flavour.

Gabeulgyeong 甲乙經

6.11.5
Source원문

腎病, 禁犯焠㶼, 熱食溫灸衣. 《內經》

Translation영역
In kidney disease, scorching heat, hot food and warmed clothing are forbidden.

Naegyeong 內經

6.11.6
Source원문

腎本無實, 不可瀉, 錢氏只有補腎地黃元, 無瀉腎之藥. 《綱目》

Translation영역
The kidney has no repletion of its own and cannot be drained; Master Qian has only a Rehmannia Pill to supplement the kidney, and no medicine to drain it.
Clinical note임상 주석
腎本無實, 不可瀉 — the kidney has no repletion and cannot be drained. The rule the kidney alone has, and the reason every formula in this chapter is a supplement. The other four organs each had a 瀉 formula; Qian Yi wrote none for the kidney, and the tradition followed him.

Gangmok 綱目

6.11.7
Source원문

左腎屬水, 水不足則陰虛, 宜補腎丸ㆍ六味地黃丸ㆍ滋陰降火湯. 右腎屬火, 火不足則陽虛, 宜八味丸ㆍ加減八味丸ㆍ溫腎散.

Translation영역
The left kidney belongs to water; where water is insufficient there is yin vacuity, and Supplement the Kidney Pill, Six Flavours Rehmannia Pill and Enrich the Yin and Downbear Fire Decoction are appropriate. The right kidney belongs to fire; where fire is insufficient there is yang vacuity, and Eight Ingredients Pill, Modified Eight Ingredients Pill and Warm the Kidney Powder are appropriate.
Clinical note임상 주석
Six supplements sorted by kidney — three for the left's water, three for the right's fire — and all six registered. Yukmi and Palmi are the same pill with and without the two warm medicinals, and the chapter puts them on opposite sides of the line.

Donguibogam · Sinjang

6.12 Two Viscera Share One Bowel 兩臟同一腑

6.12.1
Source원문

小便淸利, 脉沈遲, 是冷氣歸腎, 小便赤澁, 脉沈數, 是熱氣歸命門. 是腎與命門脉同者, 謂其所受之病, 同歸於膀胱一府也. 《入門》

Translation영역
Where the urine is clear and free and the pulse sunken and slow, cold qi has returned to the kidney; where the urine is red and rough and the pulse sunken and rapid, hot qi has returned to the gate of life. That the kidney and the gate of life share a pulse means that the diseases they receive return alike to the one bowel, the bladder.
Clinical note임상 주석
The second section the kidney alone has, and it settles 6.2's question of one organ or two: two viscera with one bladder between them, so their diseases are told apart by what the bladder passes. Clear urine is the left's cold; red urine is the right's heat.

Immun 入門

6.13 The Signs of the Kidney Expiring 腎絶候

6.13.1
Source원문

少陰終者, 面黑, 齒長而垢, 腹脹閉塞, 上下不通而終矣. 《內經》

Translation영역
Where the lesser yin ends, the face is black, the teeth lengthen and grime, the abdomen distends and blocks, above and below do not pass, and it ends.
Clinical note임상 주석
齒長而垢 — the teeth lengthen and grime. Receding gums expose the roots, and the tradition read the lengthening teeth as the bone that the kidney rules giving way. The sign is real and the mechanism is close.

Naegyeong 內經

6.13.2
Source원문

足少陰氣絶則骨枯. 少陰者, 冬脉也, 伏行而濡骨髓者也. 故骨不濡則肉不能着也. 骨肉不相親則肉軟却, 肉軟却故齒長而垢, 髮無澤. 髮無澤者, 骨先死, 戊日篤, 己日死. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
Where the foot lesser yin's qi is cut off, the bones wither. The lesser yin is the winter channel, running hidden and moistening the bone and marrow; so where the bones are not moistened the flesh cannot attach. Where bone and flesh do not hold to each other the flesh softens and shrinks back; the flesh shrinking, the teeth lengthen and grime and the hair has no sheen. Where the hair has no sheen, the bone has died first. Grave on a mu day, death on a gi day.
Clinical note임상 주석
The kidney's death read on bone, teeth and hair — all three things it rules — and death on an earth day, which overcomes water. The last of the five expiry passages, and the five together are the five-phase control cycle read as a calendar of dying.

Yeongchu 靈樞

6.13.3
Source원문

溲便遺失, 狂言, 目反直視者, 此爲腎絶也. 脉浮而洪, 身汗如油, 喘不休, 水漿不下, 形體不仁, 乍靜乍亂者, 此爲命門絶也. 《仲景》

Translation영역
Where urine and stool are lost without control, the speech is wild and the eyes roll back and stare — this is the kidney expiring. Where the pulse is floating and surging, the body sweats like oil, the panting does not stop, water will not go down, the body is numb, and one is now quiet and now disordered — this is the gate of life expiring.
Clinical note임상 주석
Two deaths for two kidneys. The left's is incontinence and delirium; the right's — the gate of life's — is the oily sweat and the surging pulse of the Qi chapter's 4.25, which is the yang leaving. Zhongjing gave both, and the Bogam keeps them apart as 6.12 kept the urines apart.

Junggyeong 仲景

6.13.4
Source원문

腎絶四日死, 何以知之. 齒爲暴枯, 面爲正黑, 目中黃色, 腰中欲折, 自汗如流水. 一云, 人中平十日死. 《脉經》

Translation영역
The kidney expiring, death in four days — how is it known? The teeth suddenly withered, the face utterly black, yellow in the eyes, the lumbus feeling about to break, and spontaneous sweat running like water. One version says that where the philtrum flattens, death in ten days.
Clinical note임상 주석
腰中欲折 — the lumbus about to break. The kidney's outer sign from 6.3.2, at the end.

Maekgyeong 脉經

6.14 The Method of Cultivating the Kidney 腎臟修養法

6.14.1
Source원문

常以十月十一月十二月朔望旭旦, 北面平坐, 鳴金梁七, 飮玉漿三, 吸玄宮黑色氣入口五呑之, 閉氣六十息. 《養性書》

Translation영역
Always on the first and fifteenth of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth months at sunrise, sit level facing north, sound the golden beams seven times, drink the jade liquor three times, breathe the black qi of the dark palace in through the mouth and swallow it five times, and hold the breath for sixty breaths.
Clinical note임상 주석
Winter, north, the dark palace, the colour black, five swallowings — the last of the five practices. The five together face the five directions through the year, and a practitioner who kept them would have turned through the whole compass by winter's end.

Yangseongseo 養性書

6.15 The Guided Stretch for the Kidney 腎臟導引法

6.15.1
Source원문

可正坐, 以兩手上從耳, 左右引脇三五度. 亦可以手着胸抛射左右同緩身三五度. 亦可以足前後踰左右各十數度. 能去腰腎膀胱間風邪積聚. 《臞仙》

Translation영역
Sit upright, raise both hands from beside the ears, and pull the flanks left and right three to five times. Or set the hands on the chest and fling them out left and right as if shooting, easing the body along, three to five times. Or step the feet forward and back and over, left and right, ten or more times each. These can remove the wind evil and accumulations between lumbus, kidney and bladder.

Guseon 臞仙

6.15.2
Source원문

擦腎兪穴法, 臨臥時, 坐於床, 垂足解衣, 閉氣舌拄上㬽, 目示頂仍提縮穀道, 以手摩擦兩腎兪穴各一百二十次, 以多爲妙. 畢, 叩齒, 臥. 專治腎元虛冷, 小便滑數. 《養老書》

Translation영역
The method of rubbing the Sinsu points: at bedtime, sit on the bed with the feet hanging and the clothes loosened, hold the breath with the tongue set against the palate, look up to the crown and draw in the anus, and rub the two Sinsu points with the hands a hundred and twenty times each — the more the better. When done, click the teeth and lie down. It treats specifically the kidney origin vacuous and cold, with the urine slippery and frequent.
Clinical note임상 주석
The one stretch in the five chapters that names a point: Sinsu, on either side of the spine at the waist, rubbed a hundred and twenty times before sleep for a cold kidney and a frequent bladder. The Essence chapter's 3.17.1 rubbed the same point for seminal loss, and the Appendix on the Aged would give it to the old man of 2.1.

Yangnoseo 養老書

6.16 Simple Medicinals 單方

6.16.1
Source원문

凡二十三種.

Translation영역
Twenty-three kinds in all.

Donguibogam · Sinjang

6.16.2
Source원문

磁石 養益腎氣. 腎虛耳聾ㆍ目昏皆用之. ○磁石法水, 故色黑而入腎. 爲末水飛, 入藥用. 《本草》

Translation영역
Magnetite (磁石): Nourishes and benefits the kidney qi. It is used for deafness and dim vision from kidney vacuity alike. ○ Magnetite takes water as its model, and so its colour is black and it enters the kidney. Powder it and levigate it in water, and put it into medicine.
Clinical note임상 주석
法水, 故色黑而入腎 completes the set across the five 臟 chapters: azurite for the liver, cinnabar for the heart, realgar for the spleen, mica for the lung, magnetite for the kidney. Five minerals, five colours, five viscera, and each chapter's simples open with its own. 腎虛耳聾, deafness from kidney vacuity, is the indication magnetite has kept, and it is the kidney's opening into the ears that puts it there.

Boncho 本草

6.16.3
Source원문

陽起石 補腎氣, 治腎氣虛冷. 爲末水飛, 入藥用. 《本草》

Translation영역
Actinolite (陽起石): Supplements the kidney qi and treats kidney qi vacuous and cold. Powder it and levigate it in water, and put it into medicine.

Boncho 本草

6.16.4
Source원문

鹽 接藥入腎. 和鹽炒ㆍ入鹽服之, 皆此意也. 《本草》

Translation영역
Salt (鹽): Carries a medicine into the kidney. Parching a drug with salt, and taking it with salt added, are both on this principle.
Clinical note임상 주석
接藥入腎 — it carries the medicine into the kidney — and this one line explains every salt-processed drug in the corpus: the salt-parched alpinia of the urinary chapters, the salt-fried phellodendron, the salt-parched fennel of the 前陰 chapter. Salty flavour belongs to water and water is the kidney, so salt is the vehicle that takes a drug there. It is a doctrine of drug delivery, set out as a simple.

Boncho 本草

6.16.5
Source원문

菟絲子 補腎中陽氣, 治腎冷. 酒浸爲末, 和酒服, 或入藥用. 《本草》

Translation영역
Cuscuta (菟絲子): Supplements the yang qi within the kidney and treats a cold kidney. Steep it in wine and powder it, take it mixed with wine, or put it into medicine.

Boncho 本草

6.16.6
Source원문

肉蓯蓉 命門相火不足, 以此補之. 酒浸蒸, 入藥. 《湯液》

Translation영역
Cistanche (肉蓯蓉): Where the ministerial fire of the life gate is insufficient, this supplements it. Steep it in wine, steam it, and put it into medicine.

Tangaek 湯液

6.16.7
Source원문

五味子 煖水藏, 補腎, 述類象形者也. 或丸服, 或煮服. 《本草》

Translation영역
Schisandra (五味子): Warms the water viscus and supplements the kidney; it is a case of the kind being told by the shape. Taken as pills, or boiled and taken.
Clinical note임상 주석
述類象形 — the kind told by the shape — is the corpus's own name for signature doctrine, and it is rare to find it stated as a principle rather than simply used. Schisandra's black, kidney-shaped fruit is what is meant.

Boncho 本草

6.16.8
Source원문

熟地黃 假火力蒸九數, 故能補腎精. 八味丸以此爲君, 天一所生之源也. 《湯液》

Translation영역
Prepared rehmannia (熟地黃): It borrows the power of fire and is steamed nine times, and so it is able to supplement the kidney essence. Palmi-hwan 八味丸 takes it as sovereign, for it is the source of what heaven first engendered.
Clinical note임상 주석
假火力蒸九數 — borrowing the power of fire and steamed nine times — is the processing that turns raw rehmannia into prepared, and the chapter states plainly that the drug's power comes from the processing rather than from the root. Nine steamings with wine darken it and make it warm and supplementing where the raw root is cold and cooling, and the two are not interchangeable. 天一所生, what heaven first engendered, is water, which is the kidney.

Tangaek 湯液

6.16.9
Source원문

知母 補腎陰不足, 治腎熱. 鹽水炒, 或丸服, 或煮服. 《本草》

Translation영역
Anemarrhena (知母): Supplements insufficient kidney yin and treats heat in the kidney. Parch it in salt water; taken as pills, or boiled and taken.

Boncho 本草

6.16.10
Source원문

栢子仁 潤澤腎藏, 治腎冷. 或丸服, 或入藥服. 《本草》

Translation영역
Biota seed (栢子仁): Moistens and enriches the kidney viscus and treats a cold kidney. Taken as pills, or put into medicine.

Boncho 本草

6.16.11
Source원문

杜沖 治腎冷, 又治腎勞腰脚冷痛. 或煮服, 或丸服. 炒用. 《本草》

Translation영역
Eucommia (杜沖): Treats a cold kidney, and also kidney taxation with cold pain in the lower back and legs. Boiled and taken, or as pills. Use it parched.

Boncho 本草

6.16.12
Source원문

沉香 補命門火不足. 爲末入藥, 或水磨取汁服之. 《本草》

Translation영역
Aquilaria (沉香): Supplements an insufficient fire of the life gate. Powder it and put it into medicine, or grind it with water and take the liquid.
Clinical note임상 주석
Aquilaria is CITES-listed and the wild resinous wood cannot lawfully be traded; what is available is cultivated or inoculated material, and it should be sourced accordingly. 水磨取汁, grinding it with water on a stone, is how the hard resinous woods are dosed without heat, which would drive off the volatile resin that is the drug.

Boncho 本草

6.16.13
Source원문

山茱萸 補腎添精, 煖水藏, 澁精氣. 或丸服, 或煮服. 《本草》

Translation영역
Cornus (山茱萸): Supplements the kidney and adds to the essence, warms the water viscus and astringes the essential qi. Taken as pills, or boiled and taken.

Boncho 本草

6.16.14
Source원문

牡礪 補腎. 煆爲粉, 入丸藥用. 其肉亦可煮食. 《本草》

Translation영역
Oyster shell (牡蠣): Supplements the kidney. Calcine it to a powder and put it into pills. Its flesh may also be boiled and eaten.

Boncho 本草

6.16.15
Source원문

桑螵蛸 主腎衰漏精. 酒洗略蒸, 入丸藥. 《本草》

Translation영역
Mantis egg case (桑螵蛸): Governs a declining kidney with essence leaking away. Wash it in wine and steam it lightly, and put it into pills.

Boncho 本草

6.16.16
Source원문

覆盆子 益腎藏, 又煖腎. 酒浸焙, 入丸藥用, 或末服之. 《本草》

Translation영역
Korean raspberry (覆盆子): Benefits the kidney viscus and also warms it. Steep it in wine and dry it over a fire, and put it into pills, or take it as a powder.

Boncho 本草

6.16.17
Source원문

破故紙 溫補腎藏, 能引氣歸腎. 炒爲末入藥, 或末服. 《本草》

Translation영역
Psoralea seed (破故紙): Warms and supplements the kidney viscus and is able to lead the qi back to the kidney. Parch it, powder it and put it into medicine, or take it as a powder.
Clinical note임상 주석
引氣歸腎, leading the qi back to the kidney, is the phrase that places psoralea: it is given not to add anything but to bring back what has floated up and away, which is the tradition's reading of the breathless, cold-footed, flushed-faced patient. A caution the Bogam could not give: psoralea is strongly photosensitizing and cases of liver injury from it are on record.

Boncho 本草

6.16.18
Source원문

鹿茸 補腎虛, 治腰腎虛冷. 酥灸爲末, 入丸藥, 或作末服. 《本草》

Translation영역
Deer antler velvet (鹿茸): Supplements kidney vacuity and treats the lower back and kidney vacuous and cold. Roast it with butter and powder it, put it into pills or take it as a powder.

Boncho 本草

6.16.19
Source원문

鹿角膠 主腎藏氣衰虛損. 炒爲珠, 作末服. 《本草》

Translation영역
Deer antler gelatin (鹿角膠): Governs the kidney viscus with its qi declined and vacuously damaged. Parch it until it forms beads, powder it and take.

Boncho 本草

6.16.20
Source원문

腽肭臍 益腎, 主腎精衰損ㆍ多色成勞瘁, 能煖腎. 酒浸灸令香, 爲末服, 或入丸藥用之. 《本草》

Translation영역
Fur-seal genitals (腽肭臍): Benefit the kidney, govern the kidney essence declined and damaged and the wasting taxation that comes of too much sexual indulgence, and are able to warm the kidney. Steep them in wine and roast them until fragrant, powder them and take, or put them into pills.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is not to be used.** Fur seals are protected under CITES and under domestic law and the drug cannot lawfully be obtained.

Boncho 本草

6.16.21
Source원문

狗陰莖 補腎, 主陰痿不起, 令强熱大. 灸爲末服, 或入丸藥. 《本草》

Translation영역
Dog's penis (狗陰莖): Supplements the kidney, governs a wilted member that will not rise, and makes it strong, hot and large. Roast it, powder it and take, or put it into pills.

Boncho 本草

6.16.22
Source원문

牛腎 補腎. 可常食之. 《本草》

Translation영역
Ox kidney (牛腎): Supplements the kidney. It may be eaten regularly.

Boncho 本草

6.16.23
Source원문

栗 補腎. 腎病宜食, 宜煨常食之. 《本草》

Translation영역
Chestnut (栗): Supplements the kidney. In kidney disease it should be eaten, and it should be roasted in the embers and eaten regularly.
Clinical note임상 주석
The chestnut is the fruit of water as the plum is of wood and the apricot of fire, and each 臟 chapter closes its simples on its own fruit and its own grain. Five chapters, five minerals at the head and five fruits at the foot — the arrangement is as deliberate as anything in the book.

Boncho 本草

6.16.24
Source원문

黑豆 入鹽煮, 能補腎. 宜常食之. 《食療》

Translation영역
Black soybean (黑豆): Boiled with salt put in, it is able to supplement the kidney. It should be eaten regularly.
Clinical note임상 주석
Black and salty together — the colour of water and the flavour of water, in a food that is eaten rather than dosed. The salt is the same 接藥入腎 principle set out at the head of this section, applied to a bean.

Singnyo Boncho 食療

About this translation 凡例

Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Inner Landscape, Volume 3, The Kidney chapter. The Chinese text is collated against the public-domain Wikisource transcription and a printed edition; original character forms (脉, 人參) are retained. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.