Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑

Preface on Decoctions

Tangaek-seorye

한글 탕액범례 · Pinyin Tang Ye Xu Li

When to gather a drug, how to dry it, how to process it, and the rules for turning it into a dose

湯液序例

The Bogam's fourth part leaves disease behind and turns to the medicines themselves. Before the first drug is named, this chapter sets out the rules of the craft: the months to gather in and whether to dry in sun or shade, the three grades of drug potency from the Shennong Bencao, the six medicines that are better old than new, and a long section on processing — what to steep in wine and what in child's urine, what to roast and what to use raw, and which drugs must have the heart or the skin or the sprout removed or they will harm the person who takes them. Then the forms a prescription can take: the seven methods and the twelve agents, decoctions and powders and pills and when each is right, the old weights and measures from grains of millet upward, how long to boil and in what vessel, and when in the day to drink it. The second half is Li Dongyuan's pharmacology — the five flavours and what each does, the ascending and descending of qi and flavour, and the five classes of drug arranged by the five motions. After that the supplementing and draining of each of the twelve organs, drug by drug, and the medicines that guide a formula into a particular channel. The chapter closes on prohibitions: what not to eat while taking a drug, which drugs must not touch copper or iron, which drugs cancel each other, which must never see fire, and how to steep medicines in wine.

1.1 Methods of Gathering Medicinals 採藥法

1.1.1

Source원문

凡採藥時月, 多以二月八月採者, 謂春初津潤始萌, 未充枝葉, 勢力淳濃故也. 至秋, 枝葉乾枯, 津潤歸流於下. 今卽事驗之, 春寧宜早, 秋寧宜晩. 花實莖葉, 乃各隨其成熟爾. 歲月亦有早晏, 不必都依本文也. 《本草》

Translation영역

As for the months for gathering medicinals, most are gathered in the second and the eighth month. This is because in early spring the sap and moisture are only beginning to sprout and have not yet filled out the branches and leaves, so that the strength is pure and concentrated; and because by autumn the branches and leaves are dry and withered and the sap and moisture have returned and flowed downward. Testing the matter at hand today: in spring it is better to be early, in autumn better to be late. Flowers, fruits, stems and leaves each follow their own ripening. The years and the months too have their early and their late, and one need not follow the text in everything.

Clinical note임상 주석

The reason is given before the rule, and the reason is where the strength sits: in the root before the leaves have drawn it up, and back in the root after they wither. 今卽事驗之 — testing it against the matter at hand — then adjusts the rule by a season, early in spring and late in autumn, and 不必都依本文也 ends the section by saying not to follow the book against the plant in front of you. The first sentence of the 湯液篇 is therefore a sentence about when a written rule may be set aside.

Boncho 本草

1.2 Methods of Drying Medicinals 乾藥法

1.2.1

Source원문

暴乾者, 於日中晒乾也. 隂乾者, 謂不露日暴, 於隂影處乾之爾. 今按採藥隂乾者皆多惡. 至如鹿茸, 雖稱隂乾, 皆悉爛令壞. 今火乾易得且良. 草木根苗隂乾皆惡. 九月已前採者, 悉宜日乾; 十月已後採者, 悉宜隂乾乃好. 《本草》

Translation영역

Sun-drying is drying in the midst of the sun. Shade-drying means not exposing it to the open sun, but drying it in a shaded place. Now, examining the matter, medicinals gathered and shade-dried are mostly spoiled. With deer antler velvet, though it is said to be shade-dried, it all rots and is ruined. Fire-drying is now easy to come by and is good besides. The roots and shoots of herbs and trees are all spoiled by shade-drying. What is gathered before the ninth month should all be sun-dried; what is gathered after the tenth month should all be shade-dried, and that is good.

Clinical note임상 주석

The section defines its two terms and then contradicts the first of them. 隂乾 is the received method; the Bencao's own examination says it spoils the goods, names the worst case (deer antler velvet, which rots), and recommends fire-drying instead. Then it restores the rule by season, because what is gathered in the tenth month and after has no sun to be dried in. The transcription writes 隂 throughout for 陰.

Boncho 本草

1.2.2

Source원문

諸藥八月已前採者, 皆日乾火乾乃佳; 十月已後至正月採者, 乃可隂乾. 《本草》

Translation영역

Of all medicinals, those gathered before the eighth month are best sun-dried or fire-dried; those gathered from after the tenth month to the first month may be shade-dried.

Boncho 本草

1.2.3

Source원문

諸筋肉非十二月採者, 並宜火乾. 《本草》

Translation영역

All sinew and flesh not taken in the twelfth month should be fire-dried.

Clinical note임상 주석

Animal parts outside the cold of the twelfth month must be fire-dried, which is a statement about putrefaction and is correct.

Boncho 本草

1.3 The Natures of the Three Grades of Medicinals 三品藥性

1.3.1

Source원문

上藥一百二十種爲君, 主養命以應天, 無毒, 多服久服不傷人. 欲輕身益氣, 不老延年者, 本上經.

Translation영역

The hundred and twenty kinds of upper medicinals are sovereign. They govern the nourishing of life and answer to heaven; they are without toxicity, and taking much of them and taking them long does not injure a person. He who would lighten the body and boost the qi, not grow old and extend his years, takes the Upper Canon for his ground.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Shennong Bencao's three grades, given here as the opening classification of the 湯液篇. The grades are not a ranking of power but of what a drug is for: the upper grade for cultivation, the middle for checking illness, the lower for attacking it. The numbers (120 · 120 · 125 = 365) are the canon's own count by the days of the year, not a count of what this chapter actually carries.

Boncho 本草

1.3.2

Source원문

中藥一百二十種爲臣, 主養性以應人, 無毒有毒, 斟酌其宜. 欲遏病補虛羸者, 本中經.

Translation영역

The hundred and twenty kinds of middle medicinals are minister. They govern the nourishing of the nature and answer to man; some are without toxicity and some are toxic, and one weighs what is fitting. He who would check disease and supplement vacuity and emaciation takes the Middle Canon for his ground.

Boncho 本草

1.3.3

Source원문

下藥一百二十五種爲佐使, 主治病以應地, 多毒, 不可久服. 欲除寒熱邪氣, 破積聚, 愈疾者, 本下經. 下品藥性專主攻擊, 毒烈之氣傾損中和, 不可常服, 疾愈卽止. 《本草》

Translation영역

The hundred and twenty-five kinds of lower medicinals are assistant and envoy. They govern the treating of disease and answer to earth; they are largely toxic and may not be taken for long. He who would remove cold and heat and evil qi, break accumulations and gatherings and cure illness takes the Lower Canon for his ground. The nature of the lower-grade medicinals governs attack alone, and their toxic and violent qi overturns and damages the harmony of the centre. They may not be taken constantly — when the illness is cured, stop.

Clinical note임상 주석

疾愈卽止 — when the illness is cured, stop. The whole doctrine of the three grades exists to carry that clause, and 服藥法 at 1.12 turns it into an actual dosing rule (remove six of ten with a greatly toxic drug, nine of ten with a harmless one).

Boncho 本草

1.4 The Six Medicinals Better for Being Stale 六陳良藥

1.4.1

Source원문

狼毒ㆍ枳實ㆍ橘皮ㆍ半夏ㆍ麻黃ㆍ吳茱萸爲六陳, 皆欲得陳久者良. 其餘須精新也. 《本草》

Translation영역

Fischer euphorbia root, unripe bitter orange, tangerine peel, pinellia, ephedra and evodia are the six stale ones; with all of them it is better to have them long stale. The rest should be fine and fresh.

Clinical note임상 주석

A list that is still taught. What the six have in common is a volatile or an irritant fraction that keeping degrades: the acrid oils of tangerine peel, ephedra and evodia, and the raw harshness of euphorbia and pinellia. Ageing them is a processing step carried out by time rather than by fire, and the section belongs beside 修製法 for that reason.

Boncho 本草

1.4.2

Source원문

麻黃ㆍ荊芥ㆍ香薷ㆍ陳皮ㆍ半夏ㆍ枳實ㆍ枳殼ㆍ吳茱萸ㆍ狼毒宜用陳久者. 《入門》

Translation영역

Ephedra, schizonepeta, elsholtzia, aged tangerine peel, pinellia, unripe bitter orange, bitter orange and evodia, and fischer euphorbia root, should be used long stale.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Immun's list is nine, not six: it adds schizonepeta, elsholtzia and 枳殼, and writes 陳皮 where the Bencao wrote 橘皮. The section title says six and the second passage gives nine, and the Bogam records both without reconciling them.

Immun 入門

1.5 Methods of Processing 修製法

1.5.1

Source원문

夫藥者治病之物. 盖流變在乎病, 主治在乎藥, 製用在乎人. 三者闕一不可也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Medicinals are things that treat disease. Now, the flowing and changing lies in the disease, the governing and treating lies in the medicinal, and the processing and the using lie in the person. Of these three, not one may be lacking.

Clinical note임상 주석

The sentence the rest of the section depends on. 製用在乎人 puts the third of the three in the practitioner's hands, which is why a thousand characters of processing method follow it rather than a list of drugs.

Dongwon 東垣

1.5.2

Source원문

酒能行藥勢, 故藥家多須以行其勢. 《本草》

Translation영역

Wine can move the force of a medicinal, and so the pharmacists mostly need it to move that force.

Boncho 本草

1.5.3

Source원문

凡病在頭面及手梢皮膚者, 須用酒炒, 欲其上騰也. 病在咽下臍上, 須用酒浸洗. 病在下者生用. 欲升降兼行者, 則半生半熟. 《入門》

Translation영역

Where the disease is in the head and face or in the skin at the tips of the hands, one must use wine-stir-frying, wishing it to rise upward. Where the disease is below the throat and above the navel, one must use a wine soak and wash. Where the disease is below, use the medicinal raw. Where one wishes ascent and descent to act together, then half raw and half cooked.

Clinical note임상 주석

The governing scheme of the whole section: the higher the target, the more processing with wine; the lower, the rawer. 半生半熟 for both directions at once is the same device the chapter returns to at the end (1.5's last passage, 凡藥生升而熟降).

Immun 入門

1.5.4

Source원문

大黃須煨, 恐寒傷胃氣也.

Translation영역

Rhubarb must be roasted in ashes, for fear its cold damages the stomach qi.

Immun 入門

1.5.5

Source원문

川烏ㆍ附子須炮, 以制毒也.

Translation영역

Aconite main root and prepared aconite must be blast-fried, so as to curb their toxicity.

Immun 入門

1.5.6

Source원문

黃栢ㆍ知母, 下部藥也. 久弱之人, 須合用之, 酒浸暴乾, 恐寒傷胃氣也.

Translation영역

Phellodendron and anemarrhena are medicinals for the lower part. In a person long weak they must be used together, soaked in wine and sun-dried, for fear their cold damages the stomach qi.

Clinical note임상 주석

The pair that 七方 1.8's last passage will use as sovereign and minister in 滋腎丸. The transcription writes 栢 for 柏 throughout.

Immun 入門

1.5.7

Source원문

熟地黃酒洗亦然.

Translation영역

With prepared rehmannia, the wine wash is likewise.

Immun 入門

1.5.8

Source원문

當歸酒浸, 助發散之意也.

Translation영역

Angelica is soaked in wine, with the intent of aiding its issuing and dissipating.

Immun 入門

1.5.9

Source원문

凡藥用火炮湯泡煨炒者, 製其毒也. 醋浸ㆍ薑製ㆍ酥灸者, 行經絡也.

Translation영역

Whenever a medicinal is blast-fried over fire, blanched in hot water, roasted in ashes or stir-fried, this processes away its toxicity. Soaking in vinegar, processing with ginger and roasting with butter make it move through the channels and network vessels.

Clinical note임상 주석

The two purposes of processing, stated as a pair: dry heat curbs toxicity, and a liquid medium directs the drug. Everything from here to the end of the section is one or the other. 灸 stands for 炙, to roast.

Immun 入門

1.5.10

Source원문

凡藥入肺蜜製, 入脾薑製, 入腎用𥂁, 入肝用醋, 入心用童便. 《入門》

Translation영역

To make a medicinal enter the lung, process it with honey; to enter the spleen, with ginger; to enter the kidney, use salt; to enter the liver, use vinegar; to enter the heart, use the urine of a boy.

Clinical note임상 주석

The five processing media matched to the five viscera, and the matching is by flavour: sweet to the spleen's neighbour the lung, acrid to the spleen, salty to the kidney, sour to the liver. It is the same five-flavour logic 五味藥性 sets out later in the chapter, applied to the kitchen rather than to the drug. The transcription writes 𥂁 for 鹽.

Immun 入門

1.5.11

Source원문

製香附子法, 必用童便浸一宿, 焙乾用. 否則性燥. 《正傳》

Translation영역

The method for processing cyperus: it must be soaked in a boy's urine for one night, then baked dry and used. Otherwise its nature is drying.

Clinical note임상 주석

浸一宿 — soaked one night. The next six passages continue the processing of cyperus for one indication after another, and close on 丹心; the Bogam does not repeat the drug's name across them.

Jeongjeon 正傳

1.5.12

Source원문

兼血以酒煮.

Translation영역

Where blood is involved as well, boil it in wine.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.13

Source원문

痰以薑汁.

Translation영역

For phlegm, with ginger juice.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.14

Source원문

虛以童便浸.

Translation영역

For vacuity, soak it in a boy's urine.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.15

Source원문

實以𥂁水煮.

Translation영역

For repletion, boil it in salt water.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.16

Source원문

積以醋浸水煮.

Translation영역

For accumulation, soak it in vinegar and boil it in water.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.17

Source원문

佐以木香, 散滯泄肺; 佐以沉香, 無不升降; 佐以小茴香, 可行經絡, 而𥂁炒則補腎間元氣. 《丹心》

Translation영역

Assisted with costus it dissipates stagnation and drains the lung; assisted with agarwood there is nothing it does not raise or lower; assisted with fennel it can move through the channels and network vessels, and salt-stir-fried it supplements the origin qi between the kidneys.

Clinical note임상 주석

Danxi's cyperus, processed one way for each of six indications and then steered by three different assistants. It is the clearest demonstration in the chapter of what 製用在乎人 meant: one drug, and the practitioner decides what it becomes. The transcription writes 沉 for 沈 (agarwood, 沈香).

Dansim 丹心

1.5.18

Source원문

當歸須用酒製. 痰以薑汁浸透者, 導血歸源之理也. 熟地黃亦然.

Translation영역

Angelica must be processed with wine. For phlegm, soaking it through with ginger juice is the principle of leading the blood back to its source. With prepared rehmannia it is likewise.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.19

Source원문

痰病半夏爲主, 以生薑汁ㆍ白礬湯浸制, 殺其辛味, 且造麴入藥尤佳.

Translation영역

In phlegm disease pinellia is the chief; it is soaked and processed in fresh ginger juice and an alum decoction to kill its acrid flavour, and better still made into a leaven and so put into the medicine.

Clinical note임상 주석

半夏麴 — pinellia leaven. Fermenting the drug with ginger juice is the ancestor of the modern 薑半夏, and 殺其辛味 names the point of it exactly: raw pinellia's acridity is an irritant, and both the ginger and the fermentation take it off.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.20

Source원문

姙婦傷寒用半夏, 多泡遍數, 不損胎氣. 《丹心》

Translation영역

When pinellia is used for cold damage in a pregnant woman, blanch it many times over and it will not harm the foetal qi.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.21

Source원문

遠志ㆍ巴戟ㆍ門冬ㆍ蓮子ㆍ烏藥之類, 不去心則令人煩躁.

Translation영역

Polygala, morinda, mundong, lotus seed, lindera and the like — if the heart is not removed they make a person vexed and agitated.

Clinical note임상 주석

門冬 is left unresolved here because the text leaves it unresolved: it abbreviates either 麥門冬 (liriope) or 天門冬 (asparagus root), both of which are 去心 drugs, and nothing in the passage decides which. 去心 — removing the core — opens the long run of what-to-discard rules that follows.

Immun 入門

1.5.22

Source원문

栢子仁ㆍ大麻子ㆍ益智ㆍ草果之類, 不去皮則令人心痞.

Translation영역

Arborvitae seed, hemp seed, alpinia and tsaoko and the like — if the skin is not removed they make a person's heart glomus.

Immun 入門

1.5.23

Source원문

猪苓ㆍ茯苓ㆍ厚朴ㆍ桑白皮之類, 不去皮則耗人元氣.

Translation영역

Polyporus, poria, magnolia bark and mulberry root bark and the like — if the skin is not removed they waste a person's origin qi.

Immun 入門

1.5.24

Source원문

當歸ㆍ地黃ㆍ蓯蓉酒洗去土, 則無滿悶.

Translation영역

Angelica, rehmannia and cistanche washed with wine to remove the earth will not bring on fullness and oppression.

Immun 入門

1.5.25

Source원문

桃杏仁去雙仁及皮尖, 則不生疔癤.

Translation영역

Peach and apricot kernels, with the twinned kernels and the skin and tip removed, will not give rise to deep-rooted sores and boils.

Clinical note임상 주석

去雙仁 — discarding the double kernel — is an old prohibition carried in every materia medica; the Bogam gives the reason as sores rather than poisoning. The transcription writes 桃杏仁 without a separator and it is left as it stands rather than split into 桃仁ㆍ杏仁.

Immun 入門

1.5.26

Source원문

蒼术ㆍ半夏ㆍ陳皮用湯泡洗, 去其燥性.

Translation영역

Atractylodes lancea, pinellia and aged tangerine peel are blanched and washed in hot water to take away their drying nature.

Clinical note임상 주석

The transcription writes 术 for 朮 (蒼术 = 蒼朮).

Immun 入門

1.5.27

Source원문

麻黃泡去沫, 庶不煩心.

Translation영역

Ephedra is blanched and the froth removed, so that it may not vex the heart.

Immun 入門

1.5.28

Source원문

人參ㆍ桔梗ㆍ常山去苗蘆, 則不嘔. 《入門》

Translation영역

Ginseng, platycodon and dichroa, with the shoot and the root-crown removed, will not bring on retching.

Immun 入門

1.5.29

Source원문

芫花利水, 無醋則不能通.

Translation영역

Genkwa disinhibits water, but without vinegar it cannot free it.

Immun 入門

1.5.30

Source원문

菉豆解毒, 帶殼不見功.

Translation영역

Mung bean resolves toxin, but with the husk on it shows no effect.

Immun 入門

1.5.31

Source원문

草果消膨, 連殼則反脹.

Translation영역

Tsaoko disperses swelling, but with the husk still on it distends instead.

Immun 入門

1.5.32

Source원문

黑丑生利水.

Translation영역

Black morning glory seed, used raw, disinhibits water.

Immun 入門

1.5.33

Source원문

遠志苗毒逢.

Translation영역

The shoot of polygala meets with toxin.

Clinical note임상 주석

Four characters that do not yield a confident reading. The neighbouring items all run [drug] + [part or preparation] + [effect] (黑丑生利水, 蒲黃生破血熟補血), which would make this 遠志 + 苗 + 毒逢, the shoot being the toxic part; but 毒逢 is not an idiom and 逢 may well be a corruption. The translation is literal and the sense is not settled — **The reading is not settled and needs checking against another edition.** Nothing is added to the transcription.

Immun 入門

1.5.34

Source원문

蒲黃生破血, 熟補血.

Translation영역

Cattail pollen raw breaks blood, cooked supplements blood.

Clinical note임상 주석

The cleanest statement in the section of what processing does: the same drug, opposite actions, decided by the fire. It is still the standard teaching for 蒲黃.

Immun 入門

1.5.35

Source원문

地楡止血, 連梢則不止.

Translation영역

Burnet root stanches blood, but with the tip still attached it does not stanch.

Immun 入門

1.5.36

Source원문

陳皮理氣, 連白則補胃.

Translation영역

Aged tangerine peel rectifies qi, but with the white still attached it supplements the stomach.

Clinical note임상 주석

去白 and 留白 as two different drugs out of one peel — the pith removed for moving qi, left on for supplementing the stomach. 用根梢法 later in the chapter applies the same reasoning to root and tip.

Immun 入門

1.5.37

Source원문

附子救隂, 生用走皮風.

Translation영역

Prepared aconite rescues the yin; used raw it runs to wind in the skin.

Immun 入門

1.5.38

Source원문

草烏療痺, 生用使人蒙謂昏蒙也.

Translation영역

Wild aconite treats impediment; used raw it makes a person clouded that is, dazed and clouded.

Clinical note임상 주석

The gloss 謂昏蒙也 is a 細註 explaining the word 蒙, not a source citation, and is carried inside the passage. What it is describing is aconitine toxicity — the stupor and clouding from raw 草烏 — and the section's instruction is that this is what processing exists to prevent.

Immun 入門

1.5.39

Source원문

川芎炒去油, 生用則氣痺痛.

Translation영역

Cnidium is stir-fried to drive off its oil; used raw it makes the qi impeded and painful.

Immun 入門

1.5.40

Source원문

砒宜燒用.

Translation영역

Arsenic should be burned before use.

Immun 入門

1.5.41

Source원문

諸石宜煆過, 醋淬爲細末. 《入門》

Translation영역

All the stone medicinals should be calcined through, quenched in vinegar and made into a fine powder.

Clinical note임상 주석

煆過醋淬 — calcine and quench — is the standard preparation for mineral drugs and it works: heating and then quenching a carbonate or a sulphide cracks it so that it can be powdered fine enough to be absorbed at all.

Immun 入門

1.5.42

Source원문

火病黃連爲主, 略炒以從邪.

Translation영역

In fire disease coptis is the chief, lightly stir-fried so as to follow the evil.

Clinical note임상 주석

從邪 — following the evil. The run of ten short items that follows pairs one kind of fire with the medium coptis is to be processed in, and the logic is that the medium carries the drug to where that fire sits. The transcription writes 略; the 初刊本 writes 畧, an orthographic variant only.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.43

Source원문

實火以朴硝湯.

Translation영역

For repletion fire, with a crude mirabilite decoction.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.44

Source원문

假火以酒.

Translation영역

For false fire, with wine.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.45

Source원문

虛火以醋.

Translation영역

For vacuity fire, with vinegar.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.46

Source원문

痰火以薑汁浸透炒.

Translation영역

For phlegm fire, soaked through with ginger juice and stir-fried.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.47

Source원문

氣滯火以吳茱萸水炒.

Translation영역

For the fire of qi stagnation, stir-fried with evodia water.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.48

Source원문

食積泄以黃土水炒.

Translation영역

For diarrhoea from food accumulation, stir-fried with yellow-earth water.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.49

Source원문

血痰癥瘕痛以乾漆水炒.

Translation영역

For blood-phlegm and for concretions and conglomerations with pain, stir-fried with dried-lacquer water.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.50

Source원문

下焦伏火以𥂁水浸透焙.

Translation영역

For deep-lying fire in the lower burner, soaked through with salt water and baked.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.51

Source원문

目疾以人乳浸蒸.

Translation영역

For eye disease, soaked in human milk and steamed.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.52

Source원문

天花粉以人乳汁蒸, 竹瀝晒過, 能去上焦痰熱, 又能止嗽潤肺. 《丹心》

Translation영역

Trichosanthes root steamed with human milk and dried in the sun with bamboo sap can remove phlegm heat in the upper burner, and can also stop cough and moisten the lung.

Dansim 丹心

1.5.53

Source원문

茯苓爲末, 於水中攪, 浮者去之. 是茯苓筋, 最損人目. 《本草》

Translation영역

Poria is made into a powder and stirred in water, and what floats is discarded. That is the sinew of the poria, and it damages a person's eyes most of all.

Clinical note임상 주석

A flotation separation, and a shrewd one: the light fraction that floats off a stirred poria powder is the woody fibre, and discarding it is a real purification step rather than a ritual one.

Boncho 本草

1.5.54

Source원문

兎絲子淘去沙土, 酒漬三五日, 取出蒸熟, 晒乾搗之易碎. 《本草》

Translation영역

Cuscuta is washed to rid it of sand and earth, steeped in wine three to five days, taken out and steamed done, then sun-dried; pounded thus it crumbles easily.

Clinical note임상 주석

The transcription writes 兎絲子; the herb list carries this as 菟絲子.

Boncho 本草

1.5.55

Source원문

神麴ㆍ大豆黃卷ㆍ澤蘭ㆍ蕪荑ㆍ殭蚕ㆍ乾漆ㆍ蜂房皆微炒. 《本草》

Translation영역

Medicated leaven, dried soybean sprout, bugleweed, elm fruit paste, stiff silkworm, dried lacquer and hornet's nest are all lightly stir-fried.

Clinical note임상 주석

The transcription writes 殭蚕; the herb list carries this as 白殭蠶.

Boncho 本草

1.5.56

Source원문

凡湯中用麝香ㆍ犀角ㆍ鹿角ㆍ羚羊角ㆍ牛黃ㆍ蒲黃ㆍ朱砂, 須細末如粉, 臨服納湯中, 攪勻服之. 《本草》

Translation영역

Whenever musk, rhinoceros horn, deer antler, saiga antelope horn, cattle gallstone, cattail pollen or cinnabar is used in a decoction, it must be powdered fine as flour and put into the decoction just before taking it, stirred even, and so drunk.

Clinical note임상 주석

沖服 — the seven drugs that are not boiled but stirred into the finished decoction. Six of the seven are aromatics or minerals whose active fraction boiling would drive off or destroy, which is the right instinct. Three of them (musk, rhinoceros horn, saiga antelope horn) are now prohibited and the herb list marks them so.

Boncho 本草

1.5.57

Source원문

䖟䖝ㆍ斑猫之類皆去頭微炒, 乃入藥.

Translation영역

Gadflies, blister beetles and the like all have the head removed and are lightly stir-fried before being put into the medicine.

Dongwon 東垣

1.5.58

Source원문

朱砂爲衣法, 凡丸藥一兩, 以朱砂一錢爲率. 《東垣》

Translation영역

The method of coating with cinnabar: for every one nyang of pill medicine, one don of cinnabar is the rate.

Dongwon 東垣

1.5.59

Source원문

牽牛子一斤碾取頭末, 只四兩用之. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Of one geun of morning glory seed, grind it and take the first powder — only four nyang of it — and use that.

Dongwon 東垣

1.5.60

Source원문

巴豆凡取仁二錢, 去膜心油, 取巴霜一錢重, 方爲定法. 《永類》

Translation영역

For croton seed, take two don of the kernels, remove the membrane, the heart and the oil, and obtain croton frost weighing one don — that is the fixed method.

Clinical note임상 주석

巴霜 — croton frost, the defatted kernel. The yield is stated as a halving by weight, and the oil removed is the fraction that makes raw croton a violent purgative. The method is a dose-control measure disguised as a preparation.

Yeongnyu 永類

1.5.61

Source원문

九用芩ㆍ連ㆍ梔子ㆍ知母之類, 在頭面手皮膚者須酒炒, 在中焦須酒洗之, 在下生用. 凡藥生升而熟降. 《東垣》

Translation영역

In using scutellaria, coptis, gardenia, anemarrhena and the like: where the disease is in the head, face, hands or skin, they must be stir-fried in wine; where it is in the middle burner, they must be washed in wine; where it is below, use them raw. In general a medicinal raw ascends and cooked descends.

Clinical note임상 주석

The passage that closes the section restates its rule in six characters: 凡藥生升而熟降, raw ascends and cooked descends. Everything in 修製法 is an application of it.

Dongwon 東垣

1.6 Methods of Composing Medicinals 制藥方法

1.6.1

Source원문

帝曰: 方制君臣, 何謂也? 歧伯對曰: 主病之謂君, 佐君之謂臣, 應臣之謂使, 非上中下三品之謂也. 帝曰: 三品何謂? 對曰: 所以明善惡之殊貫也. 《內經》

Translation영역

The Emperor said: in the composing of a formula, sovereign and minister — what does this mean? Qi Bo answered: what governs the disease is called sovereign, what assists the sovereign is called minister, and what answers to the minister is called envoy; it is not a matter of the three grades, upper, middle and lower. The Emperor said: and what then do the three grades mean? He answered: they are the means of making clear that good and ill run in different threads.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Suwen explicitly separates the two schemes the chapter has just placed side by side. 君臣佐使 is a statement about the roles drugs play in one formula; 上中下三品 at 1.3 is a statement about what a drug is in itself. Confusing them is the error the question is asked in order to forestall.

Naegyeong 內經

1.6.2

Source원문

服餌之道, 當從此爲法. 治病之道, 則不必皆然. 以主病者爲君, 佐君者爲臣, 應臣之用者爲使, 皆所以賛成方用也. 《王註》

Translation영역

In the way of taking tonic preparations one should follow this for the rule. In the way of treating disease it need not all be so. Taking what governs the disease as sovereign, what assists the sovereign as minister and what answers to the minister's use as envoy — all of these are the means of bringing the formula's use to completion.

Wang-ju 王註

1.6.3

Source원문

藥有君臣佐使, 以相宣攝合和. 宜用一君二臣三佐五使, 又可一君三臣九佐使也. 今按用藥猶如立人之制, 若多君少臣, 多臣少佐, 則氣力不周也. 《序例》

Translation영역

Medicinals have sovereign, minister, assistant and envoy, by which they diffuse and draw in one another and are harmonized together. One should use one sovereign, two ministers, three assistants and five envoys; and one may also have one sovereign, three ministers and nine assistant-envoys. Examining it now, the use of medicinals is like the ordering of men: if there are many sovereigns and few ministers, or many ministers and few assistants, then the strength does not reach all round.

Clinical note임상 주석

立人之制 — the ordering of men. The analogy is not decoration: it is the argument for why the proportions matter, and 七方 at 1.8 will turn these same counts (1·2, 1·3·5, 1·3·9) into the small, middling and large compositions.

Seorye 序例

1.6.4

Source원문

爲君者最多, 爲臣者次之, 佐者又次之. 藥之於證所主同者, 爲等分. 《東垣》

Translation영역

What is sovereign is the most, what is minister next, and the assistant next again. Where medicinals govern the same thing in the pattern, they stand in equal parts.

Dongwon 東垣

1.6.5

Source원문

假令治風, 防風爲君; 治上焦熱, 黃芩爲君; 治中焦熱, 黃連爲君; 治濕, 防己爲君; 治寒, 附子爲君之類是也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Suppose one treats wind: siler is sovereign. Treating heat in the upper burner, scutellaria is sovereign. Treating heat in the middle burner, coptis is sovereign. Treating dampness, sinomenium is sovereign. Treating cold, prepared aconite is sovereign — and so on in that kind.

Clinical note임상 주석

The sovereign is chosen by what is being treated, not by any rank the drug holds. Dongyuan gives five worked examples and the second and third are the same complaint at two depths, which is the point: scutellaria above, coptis in the middle.

Dongwon 東垣

1.6.6

Source원문

大槩君藥用十分, 臣藥用七八分, 佐藥用五六分, 使藥用三四分. 外有加減, 數同佐使. 《入門》

Translation영역

In broad outline the sovereign medicinal is used at ten parts, the minister at seven or eight, the assistant at five or six, and the envoy at three or four. Where there are additions and subtractions beyond these, their amount is the same as that of the assistant and the envoy.

Clinical note임상 주석

分 here is a proportional part, not the weight 分 (pun) of 斤兩升斗 at 1.10. The Immun turns the four roles into a 10 : 7-8 : 5-6 : 3-4 ratio, which is the first time in the chapter the hierarchy is given a number.

Immun 入門

1.6.7

Source원문

藥有隂陽配合, 子母兄弟, 根莖花實, 草石骨肉. 有單行者, 有相須者, 有相使者, 有相畏者, 有相惡者, 有相反者, 有相殺者. 凡此七情, 合和時視之. 當用相須相使者, 勿用相惡相反者. 若有毒宜制, 可用相畏相殺者; 不爾, 勿合用也. 《序例》

Translation영역

Medicinals have the pairing of yin and yang, of mother and child, of elder and younger brother; of root, stem, flower and fruit; of herb, stone, bone and flesh. Some act alone; some need one another; some use one another; some fear one another; some hate one another; some oppose one another; some kill one another. These seven dispositions are to be considered at the time of combining. One should use those that need and that use one another, and not use those that hate and that oppose one another. If there is toxicity that ought to be curbed, those that fear and that kill one another may be used; otherwise do not combine them.

Clinical note임상 주석

七情 — the seven dispositions of drug interaction, and the oldest pharmacology in the chapter. The clause that matters clinically is the last one: a 相畏 or 相殺 pair is to be used deliberately when a toxic drug has to be curbed, and otherwise left alone. 相反藥 at 1.25 lists the pairs the Bogam will not have combined at all.

Seorye 序例

1.6.8

Source원문

凡方家所云等分者, 非分兩之分, 謂諸藥斤兩多少皆同爾. 《序例》

Translation영역

What the formula-makers call equal parts is not the pun of pun-and-nyang; it means that the geun and nyang of all the medicinals, much or little, are the same.

Clinical note임상 주석

A warning against reading 等分 as a unit. The same character 分 is a weight at 1.10, a proportion three passages above, and here a word for sameness, and the Bencao's preface stops to say so.

Seorye 序例

1.6.9

Source원문

凡言等分者, 分兩均等無異也. 養性補虛緩方皆然. 若治病急方, 必分君臣佐使也. 《入門》

Translation영역

Wherever equal parts is spoken of, the weights are even and without difference. In slow formulas for nourishing the nature and supplementing vacuity it is all so. But in an urgent formula for treating disease one must distinguish sovereign, minister, assistant and envoy.

Clinical note임상 주석

緩方 and 急方 are used here as settled terms before 七方 at 1.8 defines them. Equal parts for cultivation, a ranked formula for an emergency.

Immun 入門

1.6.10

Source원문

丹溪曰: 予每治病, 用東垣之藥, 效仲景處方, 庶品味數少, 則藥力專精也. 《丹心》

Translation영역

Danxi said: whenever I treat disease I use Dongyuan's medicinals and model the formula on Zhongjing's, so that the number of items and flavours is few and the medicinal's strength is concentrated and pure.

Clinical note임상 주석

藥力專精 — a concentrated strength. Danxi's working rule, and the Bogam's own practice in the three preceding books: the short formula is preferred because its action can be reasoned about.

Dansim 丹心

1.6.11

Source원문

凡純寒純熱藥中, 須用甘草以緩其力. 寒熱相雜者, 亦用之以和其性. 《入門》

Translation영역

In a purely cold or a purely hot medicine, licorice must be used to slow its strength. Where cold and hot are mixed together it is also used, to harmonize their natures.

Clinical note임상 주석

Licorice in both of its roles — moderating a one-sided formula and reconciling a mixed one. It is the single most common drug in the Bogam's formulas and this passage says why.

Immun 入門

1.6.12

Source원문

山梔無豉, 不吐不宣.

Translation영역

Gardenia without fermented soybean neither makes one vomit nor diffuses.

Clinical note임상 주석

Seven pairs follow, each naming a drug that will not act without its partner. They are the positive side of the 七情 above: 相須, needing one another, stated as recipes.

Immun 入門

1.6.13

Source원문

麻黃無葱, 汗不發.

Translation영역

Ephedra without scallion does not issue sweat.

Immun 入門

1.6.14

Source원문

大黃非枳實不通.

Translation영역

Rhubarb does not free without unripe bitter orange.

Immun 入門

1.6.15

Source원문

附子無薑不熱.

Translation영역

Prepared aconite without ginger is not hot.

Immun 入門

1.6.16

Source원문

竹瀝非薑汁, 何以行經?

Translation영역

Bamboo sap — without ginger juice, how should it move through the channels?

Immun 入門

1.6.17

Source원문

蜜導非皂角, 何以通結?

Translation영역

The honey suppository — without gleditsia pod, how should it free a bind?

Immun 入門

1.6.18

Source원문

利藥不嫌生, 尤便於淸肌; 補湯須用熟, 最宜於養血. 《入門》

Translation영역

A disinhibiting medicinal does not mind being raw, and is the more convenient for clearing the flesh; a supplementing decoction must be used cooked, and is most fitting for nourishing the blood.

Clinical note임상 주석

The same raw-and-cooked rule as 1.5's closing line, now applied to the whole formula rather than to the single drug. 煮藥法 at 1.11 repeats it a third time as an instruction about how long to boil.

Immun 入門

1.7 Decoctions, Powders and Pills 湯散丸法

1.7.1

Source원문

藥性有宜丸者, 宜散者, 宜水煮者, 宜酒漬者, 宜膏煎者, 亦有一物兼宜者, 亦有不可入湯酒者. 並隨藥性, 不得違越. 《序例》

Translation영역

Among the natures of medicinals there are those fit for pills, those fit for powders, those fit for boiling in water, those fit for steeping in wine, and those fit for decocting into a paste; there are also single substances fit for more than one of these, and there are those that may not go into a decoction or into wine at all. In every case follow the medicinal's nature and do not transgress it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The form is dictated by the drug, not by convenience. 不可入湯酒 covers the volatile and the mineral drugs that 1.5's 沖服 passage dealt with from the other side.

Seorye 序例

1.7.2

Source원문

凡丸散有云如細麻者, 卽胡麻也. 如黍粟亦然, 以十六黍爲一大豆也. 如大麻子者, 准三細麻也. 如胡豆者, 以二大麻子准之. 如小豆者, 今赤小豆也, 以三大麻子准之. 如大豆者, 以二小豆准之. 如梧子者, 以二大豆准之. 一方寸匕散, 蜜和得如梧子, 准十丸爲度. 如彈丸及雞子黃者, 以十梧子准之. 《本草》

Translation영역

Where pills and powders are said to be like fine sesame, that is sesame. Like millet or panic grain is the same, sixteen millet grains making one large bean. Like a cannabis seed is reckoned at three fine sesames. Like a horse bean is reckoned at two cannabis seeds. Like a small bean — today's small red bean — is reckoned at three cannabis seeds. Like a large bean is reckoned at two small beans. Like a paulownia seed is reckoned at two large beans. One bangchonbi 方寸匕 of powder blended with honey into pills the size of a paulownia seed is reckoned at ten pills for the measure. Like a pellet or a hen's egg yolk is reckoned at ten paulownia seeds.

Clinical note임상 주석

A ladder of seed sizes, each rung defined by the one below it: sesame → cannabis seed → horse bean / small bean → large bean → paulownia seed → pellet. No absolute size is given anywhere in it, and none is supplied here. The chain is relative by construction and a modern diameter for a 梧子 pill would be an addition to the text, not a translation of it.

Boncho 本草

1.7.3

Source원문

凡散藥有云刀圭者, 十分方寸匕之一, 准如梧桐子大也. 方寸匕者, 作匕正方一寸, 抄散取不落爲度也. 《本草》

Translation영역

Where powders are said to be a dogyu 刀圭, it is one tenth of a bangchonbi 方寸匕, reckoned as the size of a paulownia seed. The bangchonbi is a spoon made exactly one chon square; the measure is as much powder as can be scooped up without falling off.

Boncho 本草

1.7.4

Source원문

一撮者, 四刀圭也. 十撮爲一勺, 十勺爲一合. 以藥升分之者, 謂藥有虛實輕重, 不得用斤兩, 則以升平之. 藥升方作, 上徑一寸, 下徑六分, 深八分. 《本草》

Translation영역

One chwal 撮 is four dogyu. Ten chwal make one jak 勺, and ten jak one hop. As for dividing by the medicine-seung: because medicinals are vacuous or replete, light or heavy, geun and nyang cannot be used, and so the seung is used to level them. The medicine-seung is made square, one chon across at the top, six pun across at the bottom and eight pun deep.

Clinical note임상 주석

The reason for measuring a drug by volume rather than by weight, and it is a real one: a light bulky herb and a dense mineral at the same weight are not the same dose of plant material. The 藥升 is then specified by its three dimensions, which is the only absolutely sized vessel in either this section or 1.10.

Boncho 本草

1.7.5

Source원문

方寸匕又言刀圭者, 刀頭圭角些子而已. 《正理》

Translation영역

That the bangchonbi is also called a dogyu is because a dogyu is no more than the little corner at the tip of a knife.

Clinical note임상 주석

An etymology, and it conflicts with the Bencao two passages above, which made the dogyu one tenth of a bangchonbi rather than another name for it. The Bogam prints both.

Jeongni 正理

1.7.6

Source원문

仲景言剉如麻豆大, 與㕮咀同意. 夫㕮咀, 古之制也. 古者無鐵刃, 以口咬細, 令如麻豆, 爲粗末煎之, 使藥水淸, 飮於腹中則易升易散也. 此所謂㕮咀也. 今人以刀器剉如麻豆大, 此㕮咀之易成也. 㕮咀之藥取汁, 易行經絡也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Zhongjing's saying 'cut up to the size of hemp and bean' is of one intent with bujeo. Now bujeo is an ancient usage. In antiquity there were no iron blades, and they bit it fine with the mouth to make it like hemp and bean, a coarse powder to be decocted, so that the medicinal water was clear and, drunk into the belly, rose easily and dissipated easily. This is what is called bujeo. People today cut it with a knife or a tool to the size of hemp and bean, and this is the easy way of accomplishing bujeo. The juice taken from a bujeo medicinal moves easily through the channels and network vessels.

Clinical note임상 주석

㕮咀 read straight: chewing, because there was no blade. Dongyuan is doing philology here rather than pharmacy, and he gets to the practical point at the end — a coarse cut, not a fine powder, is what a decoction wants, because the particle size decides what comes out into the water.

Dongwon 東垣

1.7.7

Source원문

散者細末也. 不循經絡, 止去膈上病及藏府之積氣. 氣味厚者, 白湯調下; 氣味薄者, 煎之和渣服. 《東垣》

Translation영역

A powder is a fine powder. It does not follow the channels and network vessels, but only removes disease above the diaphragm and accumulated qi in the viscera and bowels. Where the qi and flavour are thick, mix it down in plain hot water; where the qi and flavour are thin, decoct it and take it dregs and all.

Dongwon 東垣

1.7.8

Source원문

去下部之疾, 其丸極大而光且圓. 治中焦者次之, 治上焦者極小. 用稠麫糊者, 取其遲化, 直至下焦也. 或酒或醋, 取其收其散之意也. 犯南星ㆍ半夏, 欲去濕者, 以生薑汁以制其毒也. 稀麫糊爲丸, 取其易化也. 水浸宿蒸餠者, 取易化也. 滴水丸者又易化也. 煉蜜丸者, 取其遲化而氣循經絡也. 蠟丸者, 取其難化而旋旋取效也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

To remove an illness of the lower part the pill is very large and smooth and round; for treating the middle burner it is next in size, and for treating the upper burner very small. Using a thick flour paste takes advantage of its slow dissolving, so that it goes straight down to the lower burner. Wine or vinegar is used for the intent of gathering in or of dissipating. Where one is handling arisaema and pinellia and wishes to remove dampness, fresh ginger juice is used to curb their toxicity. Making pills with a thin flour paste takes advantage of their easy dissolving. Steamed cake soaked in water overnight is for easy dissolving too. Water-dripped pills again dissolve easily. Refined-honey pills take advantage of their slow dissolving, so that the qi follows the channels and network vessels. Wax pills take advantage of their difficult dissolving, so that the effect is taken little by little.

Clinical note임상 주석

The best pharmaceutics in the 序例, and it is modified-release dosing argued correctly from the only variable available: the binder. A thick flour paste or wax dissolves slowly and so delivers low in the gut; a thin paste or a dripped pill dissolves at once and delivers high. Size is used the same way. Every statement here is about dissolution rate and every one of them is the right way round.

Dongwon 東垣

1.7.9

Source원문

大抵湯者蕩也, 去久病用之. 散者散也, 去急病用之. 丸者緩也, 不能速去之, 取徐緩而治之之意也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

In the main, a decoction is a washing-away, and is used to remove a long-standing disease. A powder is a scattering, and is used to remove an urgent disease. A pill is a slowing: it cannot remove quickly, and is for the intent of treating gently and slowly.

Clinical note임상 주석

Three glosses by homophone — 湯 is 蕩, 散 is 散, 丸 is 緩 — and the pairing of decoction with chronic and powder with acute is the reverse of what the sounds would suggest. The rule as stated is about how fast the dose is delivered, and on that reading it agrees with the preceding passage.

Dongwon 東垣

1.7.10

Source원문

丹卽丸之大者也. 《入門》

Translation영역

An elixir is simply a large pill.

Clinical note임상 주석

A deflation worth recording. 丹 carries all the weight of alchemy in the 身形 chapter, and the 湯液篇 defines it as a pill of larger size.

Immun 入門

1.8 The Seven Formula Types 七方

1.8.1

Source원문

七方者, 大方ㆍ小方ㆍ緩方ㆍ急方ㆍ奇方ㆍ偶方ㆍ複方也. 《入門》

Translation영역

The seven formula types are the large formula, the small formula, the slow formula, the urgent formula, the odd formula, the even formula and the complex formula.

Clinical note임상 주석

The seven are given here as large / small / slow / urgent / odd / even / complex, which is the rendering standard in English-language Chinese medicine and the one that matches the definitions in the next passage (奇 and 偶 are literally odd and even numbers of ingredients; 複 is two or three formulas joined). I have not been able to verify these against Wiseman & Feng's own entry for 七方 from inside this environment, and 緩 / 急 could equally be settled there as gentle / drastic, and 複 as compound. **The settled Wiseman equivalents need to be confirmed before this section is published**; the hanja is carried in the `hanja` field for every one of the seven so that nothing is lost if the terms change.

Immun 入門

1.8.2

Source원문

君二臣三佐九, 卽大方也. 君一臣二, 卽小方也. 補上治上制以緩, 卽不厭頻而小, 乃緩方也. 補下治下制以急, 卽不厭頓而多, 乃急方也. 奇方卽一物三物而爲方也. 偶方卽二四六八十而爲偶也. 複方卽合二三方爲一, 如通聖散之類是也. 《入門》

Translation영역

Two sovereigns, three ministers and nine assistants is the large formula. One sovereign and two ministers is the small formula. To supplement above and treat above, compose with slowness: there is no objection to frequent small doses, and this is the slow formula. To supplement below and treat below, compose with urgency: there is no objection to a single large dose, and this is the urgent formula. The odd formula is a formula of one substance or of three. The even formula is two, four, six, eight or ten, making an even number. The complex formula is two or three formulas joined into one, of the kind of Tongseong-san 通聖散.

Clinical note임상 주석

The seven are defined on three different axes, which is why the list has always been awkward: 大 / 小 count the drugs, 緩 / 急 describe the dosing, 奇 / 偶 count parity, and 複 describes a merge. 通聖散 here is 防風通聖散; the formula database holds no unambiguous entry under the bare name 通聖散 (only `tongseong-san-soa`, the 小兒門 item), so no link is made.

Immun 入門

1.8.3

Source원문

君一臣二, 制之小也. 君一臣三佐五, 制之中也. 君一臣三佐九, 制之大也. 《內經》

Translation영역

One sovereign and two ministers is the small composition. One sovereign, three ministers and five assistants is the middling composition. One sovereign, three ministers and nine assistants is the large composition.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Suwen's three sizes, and they are the same counts the Bencao preface gave at 1.6 as proportions to aim for. Note that the Immun's 大方 above was 君二臣三佐九 and the Suwen's is 君一臣三佐九; the Bogam sets the two down without comment.

Naegyeong 內經

1.8.4

Source원문

君一臣二, 奇之制也. 君二臣四, 偶之制也. 君二臣三, 奇之制也. 君二臣六, 偶之制也. 故曰: 去咽嗌近者奇之, 遠者偶之. 汗者不以奇, 下者不以偶. 補上治上制以緩, 補下治下制以急. 急則氣味厚, 緩則氣味薄, 適其所至, 此之謂也. 註曰: 奇謂古之單方, 偶謂古之複方也. 《內經》

Translation영역

One sovereign and two ministers is the odd composition. Two sovereigns and four ministers is the even composition. Two sovereigns and three ministers is the odd composition. Two sovereigns and six ministers is the even composition. Hence it is said: for what is near to the throat, make it odd; for what is far, make it even. For sweating one does not use the odd; for precipitating one does not use the even. To supplement above and treat above, compose with slowness; to supplement below and treat below, compose with urgency. Urgent, the qi and flavour are thick; slow, the qi and flavour are thin — fitting it to where it has to reach: this is what is meant. The commentary says: the odd means the single formula of antiquity, and the even the complex formula of antiquity.

Clinical note임상 주석

適其所至 — fitting it to where it has to reach. That clause is the whole doctrine: distance from the mouth decides the formula's size, its parity and the thickness of its flavour. The commentary at the end then flatly contradicts the parity reading by glossing 奇 as the single formula and 偶 as the complex one, which is a third sense of the two words in one section.

Naegyeong 內經

1.8.5

Source원문

君一臣三佐九, 制之大也. 遠而奇偶, 制大其服也. 大則數少, 少則二之. 腎肝位遠, 服湯散不厭頓而多.

Translation영역

One sovereign, three ministers and nine assistants is the large composition. Where the target is far, odd or even, the composition is large and so is the dose. Large, then the number of doses is few; few, then it is two. The kidney and the liver are far in position, and in taking decoctions and powders there is no objection to a single large dose.

Dongwon 東垣

1.8.6

Source원문

君一臣二, 制之小也. 近而奇偶, 制小其服也. 小則數多, 多則九之. 心肺位近, 服湯散不厭頻而少.

Translation영역

One sovereign and two ministers is the small composition. Where the target is near, odd or even, the composition is small and so is the dose. Small, then the number of doses is many; many, then it is nine. The heart and the lung are near in position, and in taking decoctions and powders there is no objection to frequent small doses.

Clinical note임상 주석

Dongyuan reads 遠 and 近 anatomically — kidney and liver far, heart and lung near — and so turns the Suwen's rule into a dosing schedule by organ. Two large doses for the deep viscera, nine small ones for the high. 服藥法 at 1.12 repeats the pair as a general rule.

Dongwon 東垣

1.8.7

Source원문

治主以緩, 緩則治其本. 治客以急, 急則治其標. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Treat the host with slowness, and being slow it treats the root. Treat the guest with urgency, and being urgent it treats the tip.

Clinical note임상 주석

主 and 客 — the host disease and the visiting one — mapped onto 本 and 標, root and tip. This is the clause that makes 緩 / 急 a decision about which illness you are treating rather than about how strong the drug is.

Dongwon 東垣

1.8.8

Source원문

治消渴甘露飮子爲散, 時時以舌舐之, 取膈上停留, 此制之緩也.

Translation영역

In treating dispersion-thirst, Gamno-eumja 甘露飮子 is made into a powder and licked with the tongue from time to time, so that it stays above the diaphragm — this is the slow composition.

Clinical note임상 주석

Four worked cases follow, one for each corner of the scheme. This is the slow one: a powder licked off the tongue so that it never leaves the upper burner, for a thirst that sits there. 甘露飮子 is not in the formula database under that name and no link is made.

Dongwon 東垣

1.8.9

Source원문

治心煩朱砂安神丸, 如黍米大, 津唾下十餘丸, 此近而奇偶制小其服也.

Translation영역

In treating heart vexation, 朱砂安神丸 is made the size of a millet grain and a dozen or so pills are sent down with the saliva — this is the near case, odd or even, where the composition and the dose are small.

Dongwon 東垣

1.8.10

Source원문

治臊臭瀉肝湯, 柴胡爲君, 佐以龍膽苦寒ㆍ澤瀉ㆍ車前醎寒平淡, 多用水煮頓服之, 此制之急也.

Translation영역

In treating a rank, urinous stench, Sagan-tang 瀉肝湯 has bupleurum for sovereign, assisted by the bitter cold of gentian and by the salty cold and level blandness of alisma and plantago seed; much water is used to boil it and it is drunk at a single draught — this is the urgent composition.

Clinical note임상 주석

醎 is written for 鹹. 瀉肝湯 is not in the formula database under that bare name and no link is made.

Dongwon 東垣

1.8.11

Source원문

治隂虛滋腎丸, 黃栢爲君, 知母爲臣, 桂少許爲使, 丸如雞頭大, 空心沸湯下百丸, 此遠而奇偶制大其服也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

In treating yin vacuity, 滋腎丸 has phellodendron for sovereign, anemarrhena for minister and a little cinnamon for envoy; pills are made the size of a gorgon nut and a hundred of them are sent down on an empty stomach with boiling water — this is the far case, odd or even, where the composition and the dose are large.

Clinical note임상 주석

The far-and-large case, and the formula is the one 1.5 anticipated when it paired phellodendron with anemarrhena as 下部藥. The database entry for 滋腎丸 carries exactly these three drugs in these three roles, which confirms the identification.

Dongwon 東垣

1.9 The Twelve Preparation Types 十二劑

1.9.1

Source원문

藥有宣ㆍ通ㆍ補ㆍ泄ㆍ輕ㆍ重ㆍ澁ㆍ滑ㆍ燥ㆍ濕, 此十者藥之大體, 而本經都不言之, 後人亦所未述, 遂令調合湯藥, 有昧於此. 至如宣可去壅, 卽薑ㆍ橘之屬是也. 通可去滯, 卽通草ㆍ防己之屬是也. 補可去弱, 卽人參ㆍ羊肉之屬是也. 泄可去閉, 卽葶藶ㆍ大黃之屬是也. 輕可去實, 卽麻黃ㆍ葛根之屬是也. 重可去怯, 卽磁石ㆍ鐵粉之屬是也. 澁可去脫, 卽牡蠣ㆍ龍骨之屬是也. 滑可去着, 卽冬葵ㆍ楡皮之屬是也. 燥可去濕, 卽桑白皮ㆍ赤小豆之屬是也. 濕可去枯, 卽紫石英ㆍ白石英之屬是也. 《序例》

Translation영역

Medicinals have the diffusing, the freeing, the supplementing, the discharging, the light, the heavy, the astringing, the slippery, the drying and the moistening. These ten are the great body of the medicinals, yet the Root Canon nowhere speaks of them and later men too have not set them out, with the result that those who compound decoctions are in the dark about them. Thus: diffusing can remove congestion — ginger and tangerine peel are of this class. Freeing can remove stagnation — tetrapanax pith and sinomenium are of this class. Supplementing can remove weakness — ginseng and mutton are of this class. Discharging can remove blockage — pepperweed seed and rhubarb are of this class. Light can remove repletion — ephedra and kudzu root are of this class. Heavy can remove timidity — magnetite and iron powder are of this class. Astringing can remove desertion — oyster shell and dragon bone are of this class. Slippery can remove attachment — cluster mallow and elm bark are of this class. Drying can remove dampness — mulberry root bark and small red bean are of this class. Moistening can remove withering — purple fluorite and white quartz are of this class.

Clinical note임상 주석

Xu Zhicai's ten preparation types, each defined by what it removes and anchored by two example drugs. The grammar is uniform — X 可去 Y — and it is the chapter's only classification of drugs by action rather than by grade, role, size or form. The English terms used here are the Wiseman-line equivalents for each character's standard sense (壅 congestion, 滯 stagnation, 閉 block, 實 repletion, 怯 timidity, 脫 desertion, 着 attachment, 枯 desiccation), but I have not been able to check Wiseman & Feng's own entry for 十二劑 from inside this environment, and 宣 / 泄 / 澁 in particular could be settled there as dissipating / draining / securing. **The settled Wiseman equivalents need to be confirmed before this section is published.** 本經 is the Shennong Bencao Jing. 楡皮 is the herb list's 楡白皮; 白石英 is not in the herb list.

Seorye 序例

1.9.2

Source원문

藥有十劑, 今詳之, 惟寒熱二種何獨見遺? 如寒可去熱, 卽大黃ㆍ朴硝之屬是也. 熱可去寒, 卽附子ㆍ宿桂之屬是也. 今補此二種, 以盡厥旨. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Medicinals have ten preparation types; examining them now — why should the two kinds, cold and hot, alone have been left out? Thus cold can remove heat: rhubarb and crude mirabilite are of this class. Hot can remove cold: prepared aconite and cinnamon are of this class. I now supply these two kinds, to exhaust the intent of it.

Clinical note임상 주석

Dongyuan adds cold and hot and the ten become twelve, which is where the section title comes from: the heading says 十二劑 but the text it quotes says 十者, and only this last passage closes the gap. 寒 / 熱 are also the one pair on the list that names a property of the drug rather than an action on the patient.

Dongwon 東垣

1.10 Weights and Measures 斤兩升斗

1.10.1

Source원문

古秤惟有銖兩而無分名. 今則以十黍爲一銖, 六銖爲一分, 四分成一兩, 十六兩爲一斤. 雖有子穀秬黍之制, 從來均之已久, 正爾依此用之. 《本草》

Translation영역

The old balance had only the su 銖 and the nyang and no name for the pun. Now ten millet grains make one su, six su one pun, four pun complete one nyang, and sixteen nyang make one geun. Though there is the system of the grain of the seed and of the black millet, it has long been evened out as it came down, and one simply follows this in using it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The section is a chain of equivalences and the numbers are the text. Nothing has been converted into grams or millilitres anywhere in it: the Han, Tang, Song and Chosŏn values for every one of these units differ, the book itself spends passage 1.10.8 on exactly that problem, and a modern figure here would be an addition rather than a translation. The chain as this passage gives it is 10 millet grains = 1 su, 6 su = 1 pun, 4 pun = 1 nyang, 16 nyang = 1 geun — that is, 24 su to the nyang and 384 to the geun, which is what passage 3 below also arrives at.

Boncho 本草

1.10.2

Source원문

古之方劑, 錙銖分兩與今不同. 云銖者, 六銖爲一分, 卽二錢半也. 二十四銖爲一兩也. 云三兩者, 卽今之一兩. 云二兩者, 卽今之六錢半也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

In the formulas of antiquity the chi 錙, the su, the pun and the nyang are not the same as today's. Where su is spoken of: six su make one pun, that is two and a half don. Twenty-four su make one nyang. Where three nyang is spoken of, that is one nyang of today. Where two nyang is spoken of, that is six and a half don of today.

Clinical note임상 주석

Dongyuan's conversion from the ancient nyang to his own: three ancient nyang to one of his, that is a ratio of about three to one. The last clause does not hold to it exactly (two ancient nyang would be six don six pun on that ratio, and he writes six and a half don), and he is evidently rounding. His 今 is thirteenth-century, not ours.

Dongwon 東垣

1.10.3

Source원문

參同契註曰: 數乃積小以成大. 故十粉曰丸, 一丸如黍, 一黍餘曰刀圭. 六十四黍爲一圭, 十黍爲累, 十累爲銖. 兩銖四累爲錢, 十錢爲兩. 八銖爲錙, 說文六銖爲錙, 監韻八兩爲錙, 皆僞也. 三錙爲一兩, 是二十四銖也. 十六兩爲一斤, 斤有三百八十四銖. 《正理》

Translation영역

The commentary on the Cantong Qi says: number accumulates the small to make the great. So ten powders are called a pill, one pill is like a millet grain, and a millet grain and a little over is called a dogyu 刀圭. Sixty-four millet grains make one gyu 圭; ten millet grains make a ru 累, and ten ru a su. Two su and four ru make a don, and ten don a nyang. Eight su make a chi; the Shuowen's six su to a chi and the Jianyun's eight nyang to a chi are both false. Three chi make one nyang, which is twenty-four su. Sixteen nyang make one geun, and a geun has three hundred and eighty-four su.

Clinical note임상 주석

This chain closes on itself and agrees with passage 1: ten ru to the su, 2.4 su to the don, ten don to the nyang gives 24 su to the nyang, three chi of eight su to the nyang gives the same, and sixteen nyang gives 384 su to the geun. 三百八十四 is also the number the 身形 chapter used for the weight of the original yang true qi, glossed there 一斤也, and the two passages are citing the same arithmetic. One caution: 監韻 is not a known rhyme dictionary and is probably an error for 集韻 (Jiyun) or 廣韻 (Guangyun) — **this needs checking against another edition**; the transcription's graph is printed and nothing is emended.

Jeongni 正理

1.10.4

Source원문

云水一升者, 卽今之一大盞也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Where one seung of water is spoken of, that is one large cup of today.

Dongwon 東垣

1.10.5

Source원문

用水一盞, 卽今之白茶盞也, 約計半斤之數. 餘倣此. 《正傳》

Translation영역

Using one cup of water means the white teacup of today, reckoned at about half a geun. The rest are to be taken on this model.

Clinical note임상 주석

A volume given by weight — half a geun of water to the cup — which is how the problem was actually handled at the bench. It is also why no modern figure can be put on any of these units without choosing a dynasty first.

Jeongjeon 正傳

1.10.6

Source원문

丹溪心法奪命丹銅綠一字, 古今醫鑑化生丸卽此方, 其銅綠二分半, 乃知一字爲二分半也. 四分爲銖, 三銖卽一錢二分半也. 六銖二錢半也. 十二銖爲五錢, 二十四銖爲一兩.

Translation영역

In the Danxi Xinfa's Talmyeong-dan 奪命丹 the verdigris is one ja 字; the Gujin Yijian's Hwasaeng-hwan 化生丸 is this same formula, and there the verdigris is two and a half pun — from which it is known that one ja is two and a half pun. Four pun make a su; three su are one don and two and a half pun; six su are two and a half don; twelve su make five don; and twenty-four su make one nyang.

Clinical note임상 주석

A unit established by collating two books that print the same formula with different notation, which is a genuinely good method and worth noticing. The arithmetic that follows is consistent at 1 su = 25/6 pun (3 su = 12.5 pun, 6 su = 25 pun, 12 su = 50 pun, 24 su = 100 pun = 1 nyang), so the opening 四分爲銖 is a rounding of 4⅙ rather than an exact statement — and it also contradicts passage 1 of this section, where six su made one pun. The Bogam prints both systems without reconciling them, and no conversion has been imposed here. 奪命丹 appears three times in the formula database under three different ids and 化生丸 not at all, so neither is linked.

Immun 入門

1.10.7

Source원문

凡云一字者, 卽二分半也. 銅錢一箇皆有四字, 四分之則一字卽二分半也. 《入門》

Translation영역

Wherever one ja is spoken of, that is two and a half pun. A single copper coin all have four characters on them, and quartered, one character is two and a half pun.

Clinical note임상 주석

The etymology of 一字: a coin bearing four characters was used as the scoop, and a quarter of its face was one character's worth. The unit is named after the writing on the money.

Immun 入門

1.10.8

Source원문

沈存中得漢之權量, 其量六斗六升當今之一斗七升九合也. 其重一兩當今之六銖也. 愚今於紹興斗中二升七合折古之一斗也. 大略是四分之一耳. 凡言一升, 若用二合半, 則庶幾焉. 《活人》

Translation영역

Shen Cunzhong obtained the weights and measures of the Han: their volume of six du and six seung answers to one du, seven seung and nine hop of today, and their weight of one nyang to six su of today. I now reckon two seung and seven hop in the Shaoxing du as equal to the ancient one du. Roughly it is one quarter. Wherever one seung is spoken of, if two and a half hop are used, that will be about right.

Clinical note임상 주석

Shen Cunzhong is Shen Kuo. The passage is the chapter's honest ending to the subject: two independent reductions of the Han measures (6.6 : 1.79 is about 3.7 to one; 2.7 to 10 is about 3.7 to one the other way), rounded to a quarter, and then a working rule — read one seung, use two and a half hop. 大略 is written 大畧 in the 初刊本, an orthographic variant only. This is why no gram or millilitre figure appears anywhere in this section: the Song could not fix the Han values either, and said so.

Hwarinseo 活人

1.11 Methods of Decocting Medicinals 煮藥法

1.11.1

Source원문

病人服藥, 必擇人煎熬制度, 令親信恭誠至意者爲之. 煎藥銚器, 除油垢腥膩, 必用新凈甜水爲上. 量水多少斟酌, 以慢火煎熬分數, 用紗濾去渣, 取淸汁服之, 無不效. 《東垣》

Translation영역

When a sick person takes medicine, one must choose the person who is to decoct and boil it by the rule, and have it done by one who is close, trusted, respectful, sincere and wholly attentive. The decocting pan must be rid of grease, grime and fishy fat, and fresh clean sweet water is best. Weigh out how much water, decoct and boil it down by the right fraction over a slow fire, strain off the dregs through gauze, and take the clear liquid — and there is nothing it fails to cure.

Clinical note임상 주석

The first instruction about a decoction is about who makes it. 親信恭誠至意 is not sentiment alone: a careless preparer gets the water, the fire and the reduction wrong, and the three clauses that follow are precisely those three variables. The clean pan and the clean water are the oldest practicable hygiene in the book.

Dongwon 東垣

1.11.2

Source원문

凡煎煮藥法, 須用銀石器, 微火熟煮, 不可太猛. 表汗下之藥, 每服煎至八分; 對病藥煎至七分; 滋補藥煎至六分. 不可極乾, 亦不可猛火驟乾, 恐傷藥力. 去滓服後, 留滓再煎. 《得效》

Translation영역

In the method of decocting and boiling medicinals one must use a silver or a stone vessel and boil it done over a gentle fire, never too fierce. Medicinals for sweating the exterior or for precipitating are decocted down to eight parts a dose; medicinals matched to the disease to seven parts; enriching and supplementing medicinals to six parts. It must not be dried right out, nor dried suddenly over a fierce fire, for fear of damaging the medicinal's strength. After the dregs are taken off and the draught drunk, keep the dregs and decoct them again.

Clinical note임상 주석

八分 · 七分 · 六分 here are fractions of the starting volume, not the weight 分 of 1.10: the further down you take it the more concentrated and the more inward-acting the draught. The vessel rule is pharmacologically sound — silver and stone are unreactive where iron is not, which is also what 忌銅鐵藥 at 1.24 is about.

Deukhyo 得效

1.11.3

Source원문

補湯須用熟, 利藥不嫌生. 補藥用水二盞, 煎至八分, 或三盞煎至一盞. 利藥一盞半煎至一盞, 或一盞煎至八分. 《入門》

Translation영역

A supplementing decoction must be used cooked; a disinhibiting medicinal does not mind being raw. For a supplementing medicinal use two cups of water and decoct down to eight parts, or three cups down to one cup. For a disinhibiting medicinal, a cup and a half down to one cup, or one cup down to eight parts.

Immun 入門

1.11.4

Source원문

補藥欲熟, 多水而小取汁; 瀉藥欲生, 少水而多取汁. 《東垣》

Translation영역

A supplementing medicinal should be cooked: much water, and little juice taken from it. A draining medicinal should be raw: little water, and much juice taken from it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The rule in its shortest form, and it is an extraction rule: long boiling in much water for a tonic, so that the dense roots give up what they hold; a brief boiling for a purgative, so that the volatile and irritant fraction survives. The reasoning is correct even where the vocabulary is not ours.

Dongwon 東垣

1.11.5

Source원문

若治至高之病, 加酒煎. 去濕以生薑, 補元氣以大棗, 發散風寒以葱白, 去膈上病以蜜. 《東垣》

Translation영역

If treating a disease of the very highest part, add wine and decoct it. To remove dampness, use fresh ginger; to supplement the origin qi, jujube; to issue and dissipate wind-cold, scallion white; to remove disease above the diaphragm, honey.

Dongwon 東垣

1.11.6

Source원문

古方用藥一劑, 而用水少者, 今當只以藥五錢ㆍ水一盞半爲率, 作一服也. 《活人》

Translation영역

Where an old formula uses one preparation of medicinals but little water, one should now take five don of medicinal and a cup and a half of water as the rate, making one dose.

Clinical note임상 주석

五錢 to 一盞半 is the standard single-dose ratio the Bogam's formulas assume throughout, and this is where it is stated. It is given as a correction to the ancient books, whose water volumes 1.10.8 had just shown to be unreadable.

Hwarinseo 活人

1.11.7

Source원문

主病藥宜先煎. 如發汗則先煎麻黃一二沸, 然後入餘藥同煎服. 止汗先煎桂枝, 和解先煎柴胡, 傷風先煎防風, 傷暑先煎香薷, 傷濕先煎蒼术. 餘倣此. 《入門》

Translation영역

The medicinal that governs the disease should be decocted first. For issuing sweat, first decoct the ephedra to one or two boils, then put in the remaining medicinals and decoct them together and take it. To stop sweat, first decoct cinnamon twig; to harmonize and resolve, bupleurum; for wind damage, siler; for summerheat damage, elsholtzia; for damp damage, atractylodes lancea. The rest are to be taken on this model.

Clinical note임상 주석

先煎 for the sovereign drug, so that its extraction has a head start on the rest. The list of five is a list of sovereigns by complaint, and it matches 1.6's worked examples in method: name the illness, name the drug that leads.

Immun 入門

1.12 Methods of Taking Medicinals 服藥法

1.12.1

Source원문

黃帝曰: 有毒無毒, 服有約乎? 歧伯曰: 病有久新, 方有大小, 有毒無毒, 固有常制矣. 大毒治病, 十去其六; 常毒治病, 十去其七; 小毒治病, 十去其八; 無毒治病, 十去其九. 穀肉果菜食養盡之, 無使過之, 傷其正也. 《內經》

Translation영역

The Yellow Emperor said: toxic or not toxic, is there a limit in the taking of them? Qi Bo said: diseases are long-standing or new and formulas large or small, and toxic or not, there is indeed a constant rule. A greatly toxic medicinal treating disease: remove six of ten. A commonly toxic one: remove seven of ten. A slightly toxic one: remove eight of ten. A non-toxic one: remove nine of ten. Let grain, meat, fruit and vegetable, as food and nourishment, finish it off, and do not let it be exceeded, for that injures the right qi.

Clinical note임상 주석

The most important dosing rule in the chapter, and the one that makes 1.3's 疾愈卽止 an actual instruction. The more toxic the drug the sooner you stop — at six tenths, not at cure — and food finishes the work. 無使過之傷其正 states the harm plainly: the overshoot damages the patient, not the disease.

Naegyeong 內經

1.12.2

Source원문

若用毒藥療病, 先起如黍粟, 病去卽止; 不去倍之, 不去十之, 取去爲度. 《本草》

Translation영역

If a toxic medicinal is used to treat a disease, begin with an amount like a millet or a panic grain; when the disease is gone, stop. If it is not gone, double it; if it is still not gone, tenfold it — taking its going as the measure.

Clinical note임상 주석

Dose titration, and the sequence is start-minimal, double, then tenfold. The tenfold step is a large jump by any modern standard, but the principle — begin below the effect and climb until it appears, then stop — is the right one and is stated here before any of it could be measured.

Boncho 本草

1.12.3

Source원문

病在胷膈以上者, 先食後服藥. 病在心腹以下者, 先服藥而後食. 病在四肢血脉者, 宜空腹而在旦. 病在骨髓者, 宜飽滿而在夜. 《本草》

Translation영역

Where the disease is above the chest and diaphragm, eat first and take the medicine after. Where it is below the heart and abdomen, take the medicine first and eat after. Where it is in the four limbs and the blood vessels, it should be on an empty stomach and in the morning. Where it is in the bone marrow, it should be on a full stomach and at night.

Clinical note임상 주석

Timing by the depth of the target: food below the drug holds it high, food above it carries it down, and the day-night pair follows the same logic outward to the limbs and inward to the marrow. 服藥食忌 at 1.23 takes up what must not be eaten alongside.

Boncho 本草

1.12.4

Source원문

病在上爲天, 煎藥宜武宜淸, 服宜緩飮.

Translation영역

A disease above belongs to heaven: the medicine should be decocted on a fierce fire and thin, and should be drunk slowly.

Yeokro 易老

1.12.5

Source원문

病在下爲地, 煎藥宜文宜濃, 服宜急飮. 《易老》

Translation영역

A disease below belongs to earth: the medicine should be decocted on a gentle fire and thick, and should be drunk quickly.

Clinical note임상 주석

武 and 文 — the martial and the civil fire, fierce and gentle. Three variables are set against the one axis of high and low: the fire, the concentration and the speed of drinking. The corpus carries this source under both `Yeokro 易老` and `Yi Lao 易老` in roughly equal numbers; the Korean-reading form is used here.

Yeokro 易老

1.12.6

Source원문

在上不厭頻而少, 在下不厭頓而多. 少服則滋榮於上, 多服則峻補於下. 《東垣》

Translation영역

For what is above there is no objection to frequent small doses; for what is below, none to a single large dose. A small dose enriches the construction above; a large dose supplements steeply below.

Clinical note임상 주석

The same pair 七方 used at 1.8 for the kidney and liver against the heart and lung, here stated as a plain dosing rule.

Dongwon 東垣

1.12.7

Source원문

大凡服藥, 寒藥熱飮, 熱藥寒飮, 中和之劑温而服之. 《種杏》

Translation영역

In general, in the taking of medicine, a cold medicinal is drunk hot, a hot medicinal is drunk cold, and a preparation of middling harmony is taken warm.

Clinical note임상 주석

反佐 — the temperature of the draught set against the nature of the drug, so that a cold medicine is accepted by a cold stomach and a hot one is not refused. It is a tolerance measure, and the next passage shows what happens when it is ignored.

Jonghaeng 種杏

1.12.8

Source원문

服湯令温熱易下, 冷則嘔湧. 《本草》

Translation영역

A decoction taken warm and hot goes down easily; cold, it makes one retch and bring it up.

Boncho 本草

1.12.9

Source원문

若嘔吐難納藥者, 必徐徐一匙而下, 不可太急也. 《入門》

Translation영역

If one retches and vomits and can hardly keep the medicine down, it must go down slowly, a spoonful at a time, and not too fast.

Immun 入門

1.12.10

Source원문

補腎之藥, 必須五更初未言語前服之. 盖人五更初腎氣開, 纔一言語咳唾, 腎氣卽合. 當腎開時, 靜黙進藥, 功效殊勝. 《直指》

Translation영역

A kidney-supplementing medicinal must be taken at the beginning of the fifth watch, before one has spoken. For at the beginning of the fifth watch a person's kidney qi opens, and at the first word or cough or spit the kidney qi closes again. Taking the medicine in silence while the kidney is open, the effect is especially fine.

Clinical note임상 주석

The section ends on chronotherapy. The fifth watch is the last before dawn, and the claim is that the kidney has a window then which speech closes. It is unverifiable as stated, and it is also the only dosing instruction in the chapter that asks something of the patient's behaviour rather than of the drug.

Jikji 直指

1.13 The Five Flavours and the Nature of Medicines 五味藥性

1.13.1

Source원문

尋萬物之性, 皆有離合. 虎嘯風生, 龍吟雲起, 磁石引鍼, 琥珀拾芥, 漆得蟹而散, 麻得漆而湧, 桂得葱而軟, 樹得桂而枯, 戎𥂁累卵, 獺膽分盃. 其氣象有相關感, 多如此類, 其理不可得而思之. 《序例》

Translation영역

Search the natures of the ten thousand things and all of them have their partings and joinings. The tiger roars and wind arises; the dragon sings and clouds rise; magnetite draws the needle; amber picks up chaff; lacquer meets crab and scatters; hemp meets lacquer and surges up; cinnamon meets scallion and softens; a tree meets cinnamon and withers; rock salt piles up eggs; otter gall divides a cup. That their qi and images bear on and affect one another is in most cases of this kind, and the principle of it cannot be got at by thought.

Clinical note임상 주석

The chapter on the materia medica opens not on flavour but on sympathy, and on the admission that sympathy cannot be reasoned out. Ten pairings, each a thing acting on a thing at a distance or out of all proportion: lacquer that a crab dissolves, a tree that a cinnamon nail kills, salt that lets eggs be stacked, otter gall that parts wine in the cup. The Bogam gives them and then says 其理不可得而思之 — the principle of it cannot be got at by thought. That sentence is the licence for everything in the rest of the volume that is not pharmacology: the Seorye records the effect and declines to explain it.

Seorye 序例

1.13.2

Source원문

毛羽之類, 皆生於陽而屬於隂. 鱗介之類, 皆生於隂而屬於陽. 所以空靑法木, 故色靑而主肝. 丹砂法火, 故色赤而主心. 雲母法金, 故色白而主肺. 雄黃法土, 故色黃而主脾. 磁石法水, 故色黑而主腎. 《序例》

Translation영역

Things of fur and feather are all engendered in yang yet belong to yin; things of scale and shell are all engendered in yin yet belong to yang. So azurite takes wood as its model, and therefore its colour is blue-green and it governs the liver. Cinnabar takes fire as its model, and therefore its colour is red and it governs the heart. Mica takes metal as its model, and therefore its colour is white and it governs the lung. Realgar takes earth as its model, and therefore its colour is yellow and it governs the spleen. Magnetite takes water as its model, and therefore its colour is black and it governs the kidney.

Clinical note임상 주석

Colour as the index of allegiance, and five minerals to carry it: blue-green, red, white, yellow, black for liver, heart, lung, spleen, kidney. The Stone section says the same of azurite in almost these words — 空靑法木, 故色靑而入肝 — so the doctrine and the example are one. Note that the first sentence undercuts the second: fur and feather are born in yang but belong to yin, so the visible sign and the phase assignment can run opposite, and colour is a rule only where nothing contradicts it.

Seorye 序例

1.13.3

Source원문

黃帝曰, 五味隂陽之用如何. 歧伯對曰, 辛甘發散爲陽, 酸苦涌泄爲隂, 醎味涌泄爲隂, 淡味滲泄爲陽. 六者或收或散, 或緩或急, 或燥或潤, 或耎或堅, 以所利而行之, 調其氣使之平也. 《內經》

Translation영역

The Yellow Emperor said: how do the five flavours serve yin and yang? Qi Bo answered: acrid and sweet, which effuse and scatter, are yang; sour and bitter, which eject and discharge, are yin; the salty flavour, which ejects and discharges, is yin; the bland flavour, which percolates and discharges, is yang. These six — now contracting, now scattering, now slackening, now urgent, now drying, now moistening, now softening, now hardening — are set moving by what they benefit, so as to regulate the qi and bring it to levelness.

Clinical note임상 주석

六者, six, where the question asked about five: the count includes bland, which the Suwen treats as a flavour here and which 1.14 will call the root of the five. The scheme is the one the whole chapter rests on — a flavour is classed by the direction it drives things, outward and upward for yang, downward and outward for yin — and the closing clause states the aim as 平, levelness, not as supplementation.

Naegyeong 內經

1.13.4

Source원문

辛散ㆍ酸收ㆍ甘緩ㆍ苦堅ㆍ醎耎. 毒藥攻邪, 五穀爲養, 五果爲助, 五畜爲益, 五菜爲充, 氣味合而服之, 以補精益氣. 此五者有辛酸甘苦醎, 各有所利, 或散或收, 或緩或急, 或堅或耎與軟同. 四時五藏病, 隨五味所宜也. 《內經》

Translation영역

Acrid scatters, sour contracts, sweet slackens, bitter hardens, salty softens. Toxic medicines assail evil; the five grains nourish, the five fruits assist, the five domestic animals benefit, the five vegetables fill out. Qi and flavour are joined and taken, and thereby essence is supplemented and qi boosted. These five — acrid, sour, sweet, bitter and salty — each have what they benefit: now scattering, now contracting, now slackening, now urgent, now hardening, now softening the same as 軟. In the four seasons, disease of the five viscera follows what suits it among the five flavours.

Clinical note임상 주석

The five single-word actions that the rest of the section expands — 辛散酸收甘緩苦堅醎耎 — and then grain, fruit, meat and vegetable set beside toxic medicines as the other half of treatment. 毒藥攻邪 against 五穀爲養: the strong thing drives out the evil and food rebuilds what is left, which is why the Bogam's dietary prohibitions at 1.23 belong to the same chapter as its medicines.

Naegyeong 內經

1.13.5

Source원문

隂之所生隂爲五藏, 本在五味. 隂之五宮, 傷在五味. 五味者, 雖口嗜而欲食之, 必自裁制, 勿使過焉, 過則傷其正也. 《內經》

Translation영역

What engenders the yin yin is the five viscera has its root in the five flavours; the five palaces of yin are damaged by the five flavours. As for the five flavours, though the mouth relishes them and one wishes to eat them, one must of oneself cut them back and not let them go to excess; in excess they damage what is upright in one.

Clinical note임상 주석

The sentence that makes flavour a cause of disease and not only a means of treatment. 自裁制 — cut them back oneself — puts the work on the patient, and the Bogam repeats the point twice more in this section, at 味過於酸 and at 五味不欲偏多. Appetite is evidence of nothing: the mouth relishes what the viscus cannot take.

Naegyeong 內經

1.13.6

Source원문

夫五味入胃, 各歸其所喜攻. 酸先入肝, 苦先入心, 甘先入脾, 辛先入肺, 醎先入腎. 久而增氣, 物化之常, 氣增而久, 夭之由也. 《內經》

Translation영역

Now the five flavours enter the stomach and each returns to what it favours and assails. Sour enters the liver first, bitter the heart first, sweet the spleen first, acrid the lung first, salty the kidney first. Over long use they increase that qi, which is the constant way of the transformation of things; and qi increased and long continued is the cause of early death.

Clinical note임상 주석

The entering-channel doctrine in its earliest form, and the one 1.22 諸經引導 will turn into a technique. What is worth noticing is that the Suwen gives it as a warning, not as a method: the flavour goes where it belongs, increases the qi there, and the increase is what kills. The later use of the same fact — pick the flavour that reaches the viscus you want — reads the sentence against its own conclusion.

Naegyeong 內經

1.13.7

Source원문

氣增不已, 益歲年則藏氣偏勝. 氣有偏勝則有偏絶, 藏有偏絶則有暴夭者. 故曰, 氣增而久, 夭之由也. 絶粒服餌則不暴亡, 斯何由哉. 無五穀味資助故也. 復令食穀, 其亦夭焉. 《內經註》

Translation영역

When the increase of qi does not stop and is added to year upon year, the visceral qi becomes one-sidedly predominant; where qi is one-sidedly predominant something is one-sidedly cut off; and where a viscus has something one-sidedly cut off there is sudden early death. So it is said that qi increased and long continued is the cause of early death. Those who give up grain and live on elixirs do not die suddenly — how is this? Because they have no flavour of the five grains to assist them. Set them to eating grain again and they too will die early.

Clinical note임상 주석

Wang Bing's commentary, and it takes the Daoist grain-abstainers as its test case. The argument is consistent and unflattering to both sides: the adept who eats no grain escapes the one-sided increase and so does not die suddenly, but he has given up the thing that sustains him, and the moment he eats again the clock starts. The Body chapter collects the same practices approvingly; here they are reasoned about rather than recommended.

Naegyeong-ju 內經註

1.13.8

Source원문

辛能散結潤燥, 苦能燥濕軟堅, 酸能收緩收散, 甘能緩急, 醎能軟堅, 淡能利竅. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Acrid can scatter binds and moisten dryness. Bitter can dry damp and soften hardness. Sour can contract slackness and contract scattering. Sweet can slacken urgency. Salty can soften hardness. Bland can free the orifices.

Clinical note임상 주석

Li Dongyuan's version, and it differs from the Suwen's at two points: acrid now moistens as well as scatters, and bitter dries rather than hardens. Six flavours again, with bland given its own action — freeing the orifices — which is the pharmacological ground for the whole class of percolating diuretics at 1.18.

Dongwon 東垣

1.13.9

Source원문

五味之用, 酸束而收歛, 醎止而軟堅, 甘上行而發, 苦直下而泄, 辛橫行而散. 《東垣》

Translation영역

The uses of the five flavours: sour binds and astringes; salty halts and softens hardness; sweet travels upward and effuses; bitter goes straight down and discharges; acrid travels crosswise and scatters.

Clinical note임상 주석

The same five flavours set out as directions of travel rather than as actions — up, down, crosswise, held, halted. This is the hinge between 1.13 and the five sections at 1.15–1.19, where direction becomes the sole principle of classification and the flavours are left behind.

Dongwon 東垣

1.13.10

Source원문

藥本五味, 入五藏而爲補瀉. 辛散, 謂散其表裏怫欝之氣也. 酸收, 謂收其耗散之氣也. 淡滲, 謂滲其內濕利小便也. 醎軟, 謂軟其大便燥結之火熱也. 苦泄, 謂瀉其上升之火也. 甘緩, 謂緩其大熱大寒也. 《入門》

Translation영역

Medicines are rooted in the five flavours, and entering the five viscera they supplement or drain. Acrid scattering means scattering the qi that is pent and depressed in exterior and interior. Sour contracting means contracting the qi that is being squandered and scattered. Bland percolating means percolating the damp within and disinhibiting the urine. Salty softening means softening the fire heat that has dried and bound the stool. Bitter discharging means draining the fire that has risen upward. Sweet slackening means slackening great heat and great cold.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Immun glosses each action with the thing it is done to, and the effect is to turn a list of flavours into a list of indications: acrid for depressed qi, sour for qi being spent, bland for inner damp with inhibited urine, salty for dry bound stool, bitter for fire risen upward, sweet for extremes of heat or cold. This is the most directly usable passage in the section, and the one closest to how the flavours are cited in the three preceding volumes.

Immun 入門

1.13.11

Source원문

味過於酸, 肝氣以津, 脾氣乃絶. 味過於醎, 大骨氣勞, 短肌, 心氣抑. 味過於甘, 心氣喘滿, 色黑, 腎氣不衡. 味過於苦, 脾氣不濡, 胃氣乃厚. 味過於辛, 筋脉沮弛, 精神乃殃. 是故謹和五味, 骨正筋柔, 氣血以流, 腠理以密, 如是則長有天命. 《內經》

Translation영역

When flavour goes to excess in sourness, the liver qi overflows and the spleen qi is then cut off. When flavour goes to excess in saltiness, the great bones are taxed in their qi, the flesh is shortened and the heart qi suppressed. When flavour goes to excess in sweetness, the heart qi pants and is full, the complexion blackens and the kidney qi is not balanced. When flavour goes to excess in bitterness, the spleen qi is not moistened and the stomach qi grows thick. When flavour goes to excess in acridity, the sinews and vessels are impaired and slack and the spirit-mind is harmed. Therefore harmonize the five flavours with care: the bones will be upright, the sinews supple, the qi and blood will flow, and the interstices be close-knit. Thus one will long have one's heaven-given span.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Suwen's 生氣通天論, and the mechanism in each line is restraint along the five phases: sour swells the liver and the liver cuts off the spleen, salty swells the kidney and the kidney suppresses the heart, and so round. 肝氣以津 is read with the commentators as 溢, overflow — the liver qi floods rather than being moistened — and the translation follows that reading; the graph itself will take either sense.

Naegyeong 內經

1.13.12

Source원문

五味不欲偏多. 故酸多則傷脾, 苦多則傷肺, 辛多則傷肝, 醎多則傷心, 甘多則傷腎. 此五味剋五藏, 乃五行自然之理也. 《內經》

Translation영역

The five flavours should not be one-sidedly many. So much sour damages the spleen, much bitter damages the lung, much acrid damages the liver, much salty damages the heart, much sweet damages the kidney. This is the five flavours restraining the five viscera, and it is the natural principle of the five phases.

Clinical note임상 주석

The same five harms as the passage before, now stated as plain restraint: each flavour damages the viscus its own phase overcomes, sour being wood and damaging earth, bitter fire damaging metal, and so on through the cycle. Set beside 夫五味入胃, the section has said both things — a flavour enters its own viscus and a flavour damages the viscus it restrains — and left the two standing together without reconciling them.

Naegyeong 內經

1.13.13

Source원문

五辣者, 蒜辢心, 薑辣頰, 葱辣鼻, 芥辣眼, 蓼辣舌也. 《綱目》

Translation영역

The five hot-tastes: garlic bites the heart, ginger bites the cheeks, scallion bites the nose, mustard bites the eyes, and water pepper bites the tongue.

Clinical note임상 주석

A piece of observation with no theory attached, and the section ends on it: five hot things and the five places each is felt. It is not a five-phase assignment — heart, cheeks, nose, eyes and tongue do not line up with any of the standard sets — but a record of where the burn lands, which is a more exact kind of information than the chapter usually gives.

Gangmok 綱目

1.14 The Rising and Falling of Qi and Flavour 氣味升降

1.14.1

Source원문

陽爲氣, 隂爲味. 隂味出下竅, 陽氣出上竅. 《內經》

Translation영역

Yang is qi and yin is flavour. Yin flavour issues from the lower orifices; yang qi issues from the upper orifices.

Clinical note임상 주석

The section's axiom in eleven characters. Qi and flavour are not two properties of a medicine but its yang and its yin, and they leave the body by different doors — which is why the whole apparatus that follows can be built out of nothing but thick and thin.

Naegyeong 內經

1.14.2

Source원문

味厚者爲隂, 薄爲隂之陽. 氣厚者爲陽, 薄爲陽之隂. 味厚則泄, 薄則通. 氣薄則發泄, 厚則發熱. 《內經》

Translation영역

What is thick in flavour is yin, and what is thin is the yang of yin; what is thick in qi is yang, and what is thin is the yin of yang. Flavour that is thick discharges, and thin frees; qi that is thin effuses and discharges, and thick effuses heat.

Clinical note임상 주석

The four-cell table that the five sections at 1.15–1.19 are sorted by, and the terms are relative, not absolute: a flavour is not yin or yang but thick or thin within yin. Four effects follow — discharge, free passage, effusion and discharge, effused heat — and every medicine named in the next five sections is placed by which of the four it produces.

Naegyeong 內經

1.14.3

Source원문

淸陽出上竅, 濁隂出下竅. 淸陽發腠理, 濁隂走五藏. 淸陽實四肢, 濁隂歸六府. 《內經》

Translation영역

The clear yang issues from the upper orifices and the turbid yin from the lower orifices. The clear yang effuses into the interstices and the turbid yin runs to the five viscera. The clear yang fills the four limbs and the turbid yin returns to the six bowels.

Clinical note임상 주석

Three pairs from the Suwen's 隂陽應象大論, and the last four passages of this section are a commentary on them. Worth keeping in view that this is anatomy of a sort: clear yang to the surface and the limbs, turbid yin to the viscera and bowels, which is the ground for every later statement that a surface disease is treated with light medicines.

Naegyeong 內經

1.14.4

Source원문

味有質, 故下流於便寫之竅. 氣無形, 故上出於呼吸之門. 陽爲氣, 氣厚者爲純陽. 隂爲味, 味厚者爲純隂. 故味薄者爲隂中之陽, 氣薄者爲陽中之隂. 隂氣潤下, 故味厚則泄利. 陽氣炎上, 故氣厚則發熱. 味薄爲隂少, 故通泄. 氣薄爲陽少, 故汗出. 發泄謂汗出也. 《內經註》

Translation영역

Flavour has substance, and so it flows down to the orifices of stool and urine; qi has no form, and so it issues up at the gate of breathing. Yang is qi, and what is thick in qi is pure yang; yin is flavour, and what is thick in flavour is pure yin. So what is thin in flavour is the yang within yin, and what is thin in qi is the yin within yang. Yin qi moistens downward, and so flavour that is thick discharges and disinhibits. Yang qi blazes upward, and so qi that is thick effuses heat. Flavour that is thin is yin in small measure, and so it frees and discharges. Qi that is thin is yang in small measure, and so sweat issues. To effuse and discharge means that sweat issues.

Clinical note임상 주석

Wang Bing's reasoning, and it is physical: flavour has substance so it must leave by the lower doors, qi has none so it leaves by the breath. The last clause is the one that matters clinically — 發泄謂汗出也, to effuse and discharge means sweating — because it fixes what thin qi does, and so what every medicine in the 燥降收 list at 1.18 is for.

Naegyeong-ju 內經註

1.14.5

Source원문

天有隂陽, 温凉寒熱是也. 温熱者天之陽, 凉寒者天之隂也.

Translation영역

Heaven has its yin and yang, which are warm, cool, cold and hot. Warm and hot are heaven's yang; cool and cold are heaven's yin.

Clinical note임상 주석

Here begins a run of eight clauses with one source note at the end, all of it Li Dongyuan's. Qi comes from heaven and flavour from earth, so the four qi are heaven's yin and yang and the six flavours earth's — which is why a medicine has one of each and the two are reckoned separately.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.6

Source원문

地有隂陽, 辛甘淡酸苦醎是也. 辛甘淡者地之陽, 酸苦醎者地之隂也.

Translation영역

Earth has its yin and yang, which are acrid, sweet, bland, sour, bitter and salty. Acrid, sweet and bland are earth's yang; sour, bitter and salty are earth's yin.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.7

Source원문

輕淸成象, 味薄, 細茶之類, 本乎天者親上也.

Translation영역

The light and clear complete an image; thin in flavour, such as fine tea — what is rooted in heaven is akin to what is above.

Clinical note임상 주석

成象 against 成形 in the next clause: what is light completes an image and what is heavy completes a form, which is the Yi's distinction between heaven and earth applied to drugs. Tea and rhubarb as the two examples is a good choice — the lightest thing drunk and the heaviest thing purged with.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.8

Source원문

重濁成形, 味厚, 大黃之類, 本乎地者親下也.

Translation영역

The heavy and turbid complete a form; thick in flavour, such as rhubarb — what is rooted in earth is akin to what is below.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.9

Source원문

味之薄者爲隂中之陽, 味薄則通, 酸苦醎平是也.

Translation영역

What is thin in flavour is the yang within yin; flavour that is thin frees — sour, bitter and salty that are level are these.

Clinical note임상 주석

These four clauses are the headings of 1.15–1.19 stated in advance, and they are the reason those five sections are not subsections of this one: 味之薄者 here, 風升生 there, with the same wording and the same source. The Bogam's own table of contents counts them separately, and the numbering follows the table of contents.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.10

Source원문

味之厚者爲隂中之隂, 味厚則泄, 酸苦醎寒是也.

Translation영역

What is thick in flavour is the yin within yin; flavour that is thick discharges — sour, bitter and salty that are cold are these.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.11

Source원문

氣之厚者爲陽中之陽, 氣厚則發熱, 辛甘温熱是也.

Translation영역

What is thick in qi is the yang within yang; qi that is thick effuses heat — acrid and sweet that are warm and hot are these.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.12

Source원문

氣之薄者爲陽中之隂, 氣薄則發泄, 辛甘淡平凉寒是也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

What is thin in qi is the yin within yang; qi that is thin effuses and discharges — acrid, sweet and bland that are level, cool and cold are these.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.13

Source원문

淡爲五味之本, 故本草不言淡, 然其藏府則同也. 《入門》

Translation영역

Bland is the root of the five flavours, and so the Materia Medica does not name bland; yet as to its viscera and bowels it is the same.

Clinical note임상 주석

An editorial observation about the source literature rather than about medicine: the Bencao entries give 性 and 味 but never write 淡, because blandness is what flavour is before it is any particular flavour. The Immun's point is that the omission is notational — a bland medicine still enters a viscus, and 1.13's 淡能利竅 says which.

Immun 入門

1.14.14

Source원문

苦藥平升, 微寒平亦升, 甘辛藥平降. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Bitter medicines that are level rise; those slightly cold and level also rise; sweet and acrid medicines that are level fall.

Clinical note임상 주석

A counter-example deliberately placed, and it inverts the rule just given: bitter is yin and should fall, sweet and acrid are yang and should rise, but at a level qi they do the opposite. Direction is therefore not read off flavour alone — which is what the five sections that follow are for.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.15

Source원문

淸陽發腠理, 淸之淸也. 淸中淸者, 淸肺以助天眞.

Translation영역

'The clear yang effuses into the interstices' — this is the clear of the clear. What is clear within the clear clears the lung and thereby aids the heavenly true.

Clinical note임상 주석

Li Dongyuan takes the Suwen's three pairs and splits each term again, so that clear and turbid each have a clear and a turbid half. Four destinations result — the lung, the interstices, the spirit, the bone marrow — and they run from most rarefied to most solid. The last four clauses of the section share one source note at the end.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.16

Source원문

淸陽實四肢, 淸之濁也. 淸中濁者, 榮華腠理.

Translation영역

'The clear yang fills the four limbs' — this is the turbid of the clear. What is turbid within the clear brings the interstices to bloom.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.17

Source원문

濁隂走五藏, 濁之淸也. 濁中淸者, 榮養于神.

Translation영역

'The turbid yin runs to the five viscera' — this is the clear of the turbid. What is clear within the turbid nourishes the spirit.

Dongwon 東垣

1.14.18

Source원문

濁隂歸六府, 濁中濁者, 堅強骨髓. 《東垣》

Translation영역

'The turbid yin returns to the six bowels' — what is turbid within the turbid firms and strengthens the bone marrow.

Dongwon 東垣

1.15 Wind Rises and Engenders 風升生

1.15.1

Source원문

味之薄者, 隂中之陽也. 味薄則通.

Translation영역

What is thin in flavour is the yang within yin; flavour that is thin frees.

Clinical note임상 주석

The first of Li Dongyuan's five classes, from the 藥類法象. The five are the five phases taken as qi dynamics rather than as phases — wind rising and engendering, heat floating and growing, damp transforming and completing, dryness falling and gathering, cold sinking and storing — and each is headed by one cell of the thick-and-thin table at 1.14. Wind takes the cell 味之薄者, thin flavour, the yang within yin, whose action is 通, free passage.

Dongwon 東垣

1.15.2

Source원문

防風ㆍ升麻ㆍ羌活ㆍ柴胡ㆍ葛根ㆍ威靈仙ㆍ細辛ㆍ獨活ㆍ白芷ㆍ桔梗ㆍ鼠粘子ㆍ藁本ㆍ川芎ㆍ蔓荊子ㆍ秦芃ㆍ天麻ㆍ麻黃ㆍ荊芥ㆍ薄荷ㆍ前胡. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Siler, cimicifuga, notopterygium, bupleurum, kudzu root, clematis, asarum, aralia, dahurian angelica, platycodon, burdock seed, ligusticum root, cnidium, vitex, large gentian, gastrodia, ephedra, schizonepeta, mint, peucedanum.

Clinical note임상 주석

Twenty medicines, and the list is recognizably the exterior-resolving class of later materia medica: siler, notopterygium, ephedra, schizonepeta, mint. Bupleurum and cimicifuga are here for their upbearing rather than for anything to do with wind, and platycodon and peucedanum for the same reason, which is the point of the classification — it sorts by direction of action, not by indication.

Dongwon 東垣

1.16 Heat Floats and Grows 熱浮長

1.16.1

Source원문

氣之厚者, 陽中之陽. 氣厚則發熱.

Translation영역

What is thick in qi is the yang within yang; qi that is thick effuses heat.

Clinical note임상 주석

Fire's class, taking the cell 氣之厚者, thick qi, the yang within yang, whose action is to effuse heat. 浮長 — floating and growing — is summer in the cycle of 生長化收藏, and the medicines under it are the ones that warm from the centre outward.

Dongwon 東垣

1.16.2

Source원문

附子ㆍ烏頭ㆍ乾薑ㆍ生薑ㆍ良薑ㆍ肉桂ㆍ桂枝ㆍ草豆蔲ㆍ丁季ㆍ厚朴ㆍ木香ㆍ白豆蔲ㆍ益智ㆍ用椒ㆍ吳茱萸ㆍ茴香ㆍ縮砂ㆍ玄胡索ㆍ紅花ㆍ神麴. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Prepared aconite, aconite main root, dried ginger, fresh ginger, lesser galangal, cinnamon bark, cinnamon twig, katsumada galangal seed, clove, magnolia bark, costus root, round cardamom, alpinia, Sichuan pepper, evodia, fennel fruit, amomum, corydalis, safflower, medicated leaven.

Clinical note임상 주석

Twenty again. The first seven are the warming core of the tradition — aconite, the two aconite roots, three gingers, the two cinnamons — and the rest are aromatics that warm the centre. Safflower and medicated leaven sit oddly in a heat class and are here for their moving and dispersing action; the classification is by what a medicine does to the direction of qi, and a mover of blood counts as floating.

Dongwon 東垣

1.17 Damp Transforms and Completes 濕化成

1.17.1

Source원문

其兼氣温涼寒熱, 以胃應之. 其味甘辛醎苦, 以脾應之.

Translation영역

Its qi is a combination of warm, cool, cold and hot, and the stomach answers to it; its flavours are sweet, acrid, salty and bitter, and the spleen answers to them.

Clinical note임상 주석

Alone among the five, this class has no cell of the thick-and-thin table to stand on. Earth is the centre and holds all four qi and all the flavours at once, so the heading says 兼, combined, and assigns the qi to the stomach and the flavours to the spleen instead of naming a direction. 化成 — transforming and completing — is the long summer between growth and gathering, and in Li Dongyuan's medicine the spleen and stomach are where everything else is decided.

Dongwon 東垣

1.17.2

Source원문

黃芪ㆍ人參ㆍ甘草ㆍ當歸ㆍ熟地黃ㆍ半夏ㆍ蒼术ㆍ白术ㆍ陳皮ㆍ靑皮ㆍ藿香ㆍ㯽榔ㆍ蓬术ㆍ三稜ㆍ阿膠ㆍ訶子ㆍ杏仁ㆍ桃仁ㆍ麥芽ㆍ紫草ㆍ蘇木. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Astragalus, ginseng, licorice, Korean angelica, prepared rehmannia, pinellia, atractylodes lancea, white atractylodes, aged tangerine peel, green tangerine peel, Korean mint, areca seed, zedoary, sparganium, donkey-hide gelatin, chebula, apricot kernel, peach kernel, barley sprout, purple gromwell root, sappan wood.

Clinical note임상 주석

Twenty-one medicines, and the list is the Spleen and Stomach treatise in miniature: astragalus, ginseng, licorice, the two atractylodes, the two tangerine peels. That sparganium, zedoary and sappan wood — breakers of accumulation and of blood — are classed with earth is the clearest sign that 化成 means transformation of whatever is presented, not supplementation.

Dongwon 東垣

1.18 Dryness Falls and Gathers 燥降收

1.18.1

Source원문

氣之薄者, 陽中之隂. 氣薄則發泄.

Translation영역

What is thin in qi is the yin within yang; qi that is thin effuses and discharges.

Clinical note임상 주석

Metal's class, taking the cell 氣之薄者, thin qi, the yin within yang, whose action is to effuse and discharge — which Wang Bing's commentary at 1.14 defined as sweating. 降收 is autumn: falling and gathering in.

Dongwon 東垣

1.18.2

Source원문

茯苓ㆍ澤瀉ㆍ猪苓ㆍ滑石ㆍ瞿麥ㆍ車前子ㆍ木通ㆍ燈心ㆍ五味子ㆍ桑白皮ㆍ白芍藥ㆍ犀角ㆍ天門冬ㆍ烏梅ㆍ牡丹皮ㆍ地骨皮ㆍ枳殼ㆍ琥珀ㆍ連翹ㆍ枳實ㆍ麥門冬. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Poria, alisma, polyporus, talc, dianthus, plantago seed, akebia, rush pith, schisandra, mulberry root bark, white peony, rhinoceros horn, asparagus root, mume plum, moutan bark, lycium root bark, bitter orange, amber, forsythia, immature bitter orange, liriope.

Clinical note임상 주석

Twenty-one, and the first eight are the percolating diuretics almost entire — poria, alisma, polyporus, talc, dianthus, plantago, akebia, rush pith. The class is not dryness as an indication but dryness as an action: these medicines take water downward and out, and the astringents beside them (schisandra, mume plum, white peony) belong here for 收, gathering in, not for drying. Rhinoceros horn is listed in the base text and is noted in this database as a prohibited substance; it is recorded, not recommended.

Dongwon 東垣

1.19 Cold Sinks and Stores 寒沉藏

1.19.1

Source원문

味之厚者, 隂中之隂. 味厚則泄.

Translation영역

What is thick in flavour is the yin within yin; flavour that is thick discharges.

Clinical note임상 주석

Water's class, and the last: the cell 味之厚者, thick flavour, the yin within yin, whose action is 泄, discharge. 沉藏 is winter — sinking and storing — and the medicines under it are the ones that drive heat downward and out of the body altogether.

Dongwon 東垣

1.19.2

Source원문

大黃ㆍ黃栢ㆍ草龍膽ㆍ黃芩ㆍ黃連ㆍ石膏ㆍ生地黃ㆍ知母ㆍ防己ㆍ茵蔯ㆍ牡蠣ㆍ瓜蔞根ㆍ朴硝ㆍ玄參ㆍ山梔子ㆍ川練子ㆍ香豉ㆍ地楡. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Rhubarb, phellodendron, gentian, scutellaria, coptis, gypsum, raw rehmannia, anemarrhena, sinomenium, capillaris, oyster shell, trichosanthes root, crude mirabilite, scrophularia, gardenia, toosendan fruit, fermented soybean, burnet root.

Clinical note임상 주석

Eighteen medicines, the shortest of the five lists, and the most uniform: rhubarb, the three yellows, gypsum, mirabilite. These are the heat-draining and precipitating medicines, and the class is the one place in the five where the direction of action and the indication coincide — cold things that send heat down.

Dongwon 東垣

1.20 The Method of Using Root and Tip 用根梢法

1.20.1

Source원문

凡諸藥根在土者, 中半以上者, 氣脉上行, 以生苗者爲根. 中半以下者, 氣脉下行, 以入土者爲梢. 病在中焦者用身. 盖上焦用根, 下焦用梢者, 根升而梢降故也. 《東垣》

Translation영역

In all medicines whose root is in the earth: the part from the middle upward, where the qi and vessels run upward and put forth the sprout, is the root; the part from the middle downward, where the qi and vessels run downward and go into the earth, is the tip. For disease in the middle burner one uses the body. The upper burner takes the root and the lower burner the tip because the root rises and the tip falls.

Clinical note임상 주석

A whole doctrine out of one observation: the upper half of a root grew toward the sprout and the lower half grew away into the soil, so the two halves carry opposite directions and can be prescribed separately. 根 here does not mean the root of the plant — the whole thing is the root — but its upper portion, against 梢 for the lower and 身 for the middle. The same three words are used throughout the section and the translation keeps root, tip and body for them.

Dongwon 東垣

1.20.2

Source원문

大凡藥根有上中下. 人之身半以上用頭, 在中焦則用身, 身半以下則用梢.

Translation영역

In general a medicine's root has an upper, a middle and a lower. For the upper half of a person's body one uses the head; for the middle burner one uses the body; for the lower half of the body one uses the tip.

Clinical note임상 주석

The same rule with 頭, head, for what the passage before called 根 — four words for three parts, and the Bogam prints both without reconciling them. The correspondence is now explicitly body-to-body: upper half of the plant for the upper half of the person.

Dansim 丹心

1.20.3

Source원문

凡用藥, 以頭身梢分爲上中下用者, 乃述類象形也. 《丹心》

Translation영역

That in using medicines one divides head, body and tip for use above, in the middle and below is a matter of setting forth the category and taking the form as image.

Clinical note임상 주석

述類象形 is the Danggye school's name for this kind of reasoning, and the passage is unusual in naming its own method: the medicine is used as it is shaped, because shape is taken to record what the thing does. The first passage of 1.13 made the same move for sympathies it could not explain. Whether 述類象形 has a settled English rendering in this literature I have not been able to establish; the translation here is literal.

Dansim 丹心

1.20.4

Source원문

當歸一物, 頭止血上行, 身養血中守, 梢破血下流.

Translation영역

In the single substance Korean angelica: the head stanches blood and travels upward; the body nourishes blood and holds the centre; the tip breaks blood and flows downward.

Clinical note임상 주석

The example everyone cites, and the one place where the doctrine is still in use: 當歸頭, 當歸身 and 當歸梢 are carried in this database's alias table as three distinct forms of the one medicine, because the formulas specify which. Three opposite actions from one root — stanching, nourishing, breaking — is a strong claim, and it is made on the strength of position alone.

Jeongjeon 正傳

1.20.5

Source원문

黃芩上截虛者, 以降肺火. 下截實者, 以瀉大腸火. 防風ㆍ桔梗之類亦然. 《正傳》

Translation영역

Of scutellaria, the upper length, which is hollow, is used to make the lung fire fall; the lower length, which is solid, is used to drain the large intestine fire. Siler, platycodon and the like are the same.

Clinical note임상 주석

虛 and 實 here are the physical state of the root and not vacuity and repletion in the patient: the old upper section of a scutellaria root is hollow and the young lower section solid, which is the distinction later written as 枯芩 against 子芩. The reading is the standard one, but the two characters will carry the clinical sense as well, and nothing in the sentence rules that out; a reader who takes 虛者 as "for a vacuous patient" is not contradicted by the grammar.

Jeongjeon 正傳

1.21 Supplementing and Draining the Five Viscera 五臟補瀉

1.21.1

Source원문

虛則補其母, 實則瀉其子. 假如肝乃心之母, 心虛當補肝. 脾乃心之子, 心實當瀉脾. 餘經倣此. 《難經》

Translation영역

In vacuity supplement its mother; in repletion drain its child. For instance the liver is the mother of the heart, so where the heart is vacuous one should supplement the liver; the spleen is the child of the heart, so where the heart is replete one should drain the spleen. The remaining channels follow this.

Clinical note임상 주석

The engendering cycle read as a prescribing rule. The mother engenders the child, so a vacuous viscus is filled from the viscus behind it, and a replete viscus is emptied into the viscus in front of it. Nothing is done to the sick viscus itself. It is the principle the Five Viscera and Six Bowels chapter's engendering and restraining sequences exist to serve, and the twelve lists that follow in this section are its drug cabinet.

Nangyeong 難經

1.21.2

Source원문

肝膽味辛補酸瀉, 氣温補涼瀉.

Translation영역

Liver and gallbladder: in flavour, acrid supplements and sour drains; in qi, warm supplements and cool drains.

Clinical note임상 주석

Four slots, and they must be kept apart: two for flavour and two for qi. Flavour and qi supplement and drain the same viscus in different registers, and a pairing read across the two registers instead of down them reverses the treatment.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.3

Source원문

心小腸味醎補甘瀉, 氣熱補寒瀉. 三焦命門補瀉同.

Translation영역

Heart and small intestine: in flavour, salty supplements and sweet drains; in qi, hot supplements and cold drains. The triple burner and the life gate are supplemented and drained the same way.

Clinical note임상 주석

醎 is 鹹. The last sentence is why the triple burner and the life gate have lists of their own below without a pairing of their own here: they borrow the heart's.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.4

Source원문

脾胃味甘補苦瀉, 氣温補寒瀉.

Translation영역

Spleen and stomach: in flavour, sweet supplements and bitter drains; in qi, warm supplements and cold drains.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.5

Source원문

肺大腸味酸補辛瀉, 氣涼補温瀉.

Translation영역

Lung and large intestine: in flavour, sour supplements and acrid drains; in qi, cool supplements and warm drains.

Clinical note임상 주석

The liver's pairing inverted: acrid supplements the liver and drains the lung, sour supplements the lung and drains the liver. Metal and wood stand in the restraining relation, and the two rows read as one.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.6

Source원문

腎膀胱味苦補醎瀉, 氣寒補熱瀉. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Kidney and bladder: in flavour, bitter supplements and salty drains; in qi, cold supplements and hot drains.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.7

Source원문

補瀉在味, 隨時換氣. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Supplementation and drainage lie in the flavour; the qi is changed according to the season.

Clinical note임상 주석

The qualification on the table above. The flavour pairing is fixed and carries the supplementing or draining; the qi pairing is adjusted to the season, so the same viscus is warmed in one season and cooled in another without the flavour changing. It is why each of the twelve lists below gives a warming and a cooling column alongside the supplementing and draining ones.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.1 Heart 心

1.21.1.1

Source원문

温用當歸ㆍ芍藥ㆍ吳茱萸ㆍ肉桂ㆍ蒼术ㆍ白术ㆍ石菖蒲. 凉用犀角ㆍ生地黃ㆍ牛黃ㆍ竹葉ㆍ朱砂ㆍ麥門冬ㆍ黃連ㆍ連翹. 補用遠志ㆍ茯神ㆍ天麥門冬ㆍ兎絲子ㆍ人參ㆍ金銀箔ㆍ炒𥂁. 瀉用黃連ㆍ苦參ㆍ貝母ㆍ前胡ㆍ欝金.

Translation영역

To warm it use Korean angelica, peony, evodia, cinnamon bark, atractylodes lancea, white atractylodes and acorus. To cool it use rhinoceros horn, raw rehmannia, cattle gallstone, bamboo leaf, cinnabar, liriope, coptis and forsythia. To supplement it use polygala, poria with hostwood, asparagus root and liriope, cuscuta, ginseng, gold leaf and silver leaf, and dry-fried salt. To drain it use coptis, sophora root, fritillaria, peucedanum and curcuma tuber.

Clinical note임상 주석

天麥門冬 is a contraction of two drugs, 天門冬 and 麥門冬, and 金銀箔 of 金箔 and 銀箔 — the Bogam writes paired names once when the shared element is adjacent, and the lists below do the same with 薑桂. 炒𥂁 is 炒鹽, salt dry-fried; 𥂁 is 鹽 throughout this section. The four columns are the section's working shape, and the heart shows why the division matters: 黃連 appears in both the cooling and the draining column, while 麥門冬 cools and also supplements. A drug moved across a boundary does not merely change label — it becomes the opposite instruction.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.2 Small Intestine 小腸

1.21.2.1

Source원문

温用巴戟ㆍ茴香ㆍ烏藥ㆍ益智. 凉用茅根ㆍ通草ㆍ黃芩ㆍ天花粉ㆍ滑石ㆍ車前子. 補用牡蠣ㆍ石斛ㆍ甘草梢. 瀉用葱白ㆍ蘇子ㆍ續隨子ㆍ大黃.

Translation영역

To warm it use morinda root, fennel fruit, lindera and alpinia. To cool it use woolly grass root, tetrapanax pith, scutellaria, trichosanthes root, talc and plantago seed. To supplement it use oyster shell, dendrobium and the root tips of licorice. To drain it use scallion white, perilla seed, caper spurge seed and rhubarb.

Clinical note임상 주석

The shortest of the twelve lists, and the cooling column is a diuretic one — talc, plantago seed, tetrapanax pith — because the small intestine's heat is drained through the urine. 益智 is 益智仁; 茅根 is 白茅根; 甘草梢 is the fine root tips of licorice, not the root proper, and the bladder's list below uses the same part for the same reason.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.3 Liver 肝

1.21.3.1

Source원문

温用木香ㆍ肉桂ㆍ半夏ㆍ肉豆蔲ㆍ陳皮ㆍ㯽榔ㆍ蓽撥. 凉用鼈甲ㆍ黃芩ㆍ黃連ㆍ草龍膽ㆍ草决明ㆍ柴胡ㆍ羚羊角. 補用木瓜ㆍ阿膠ㆍ川芎ㆍ黃芪ㆍ山茱萸ㆍ酸棗仁ㆍ五加皮. 瀉用靑皮ㆍ芍藥ㆍ柴胡ㆍ前胡ㆍ犀角ㆍ秦皮ㆍ草龍膽.

Translation영역

To warm it use costus root, cinnamon bark, pinellia, nutmeg, aged tangerine peel, areca seed and long pepper. To cool it use turtle carapace, scutellaria, coptis, gentian, cassia seed, bupleurum and saiga antelope horn. To supplement it use Chinese quince, donkey-hide gelatin, cnidium, astragalus, cornus, sour jujube seed and acanthopanax. To drain it use green tangerine peel, peony, bupleurum, peucedanum, rhinoceros horn, ash bark and gentian.

Clinical note임상 주석

草龍膽草决明 divides as 草龍膽 and 草决明 — gentian and cassia seed, two drugs, and the second is 決明子 under its other name. Reading 草龍膽草 as one name and leaving 决明 stranded is the obvious error here, and it would put a cooling eye drug where a bitter cold one belongs. 㯽榔 is 檳榔. 柴胡 and 草龍膽 each stand in both the cooling and the draining column. In the Bogam's usage the two are not the same act: cooling meets heat, draining meets repletion, and bupleurum is named twice because it does both for this viscus.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.4 Gallbladder 膽

1.21.4.1

Source원문

温用橘皮ㆍ半夏ㆍ生薑ㆍ川芎ㆍ桂皮. 凉用黃連ㆍ黃芩ㆍ竹茹ㆍ柴胡ㆍ草龍膽. 補用當歸ㆍ山茱萸ㆍ酸棗仁ㆍ五味子. 瀉用靑皮ㆍ柴胡ㆍ黃連ㆍ木通ㆍ芍藥.

Translation영역

To warm it use tangerine peel, pinellia, fresh ginger, cnidium and cinnamon bark. To cool it use coptis, scutellaria, bamboo shavings, bupleurum and gentian. To supplement it use Korean angelica, cornus, sour jujube seed and schisandra. To drain it use green tangerine peel, bupleurum, coptis, akebia and peony.

Clinical note임상 주석

橘皮 is 陳皮 and 桂皮 is 肉桂 under their alternative names. The gallbladder's columns repeat the liver's closely — 柴胡, 草龍膽, 靑皮, 芍藥, 酸棗仁, 山茱萸 — which is the paired viscus and bowel of wood treated as one territory, as the flavour pairing at 1.21 already said.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.5 Spleen 脾

1.21.5.1

Source원문

温用香附子ㆍ縮砂ㆍ薑桂ㆍ木香ㆍ肉豆蔲ㆍ益智ㆍ藿香ㆍ丁香ㆍ附子. 凉用梔子ㆍ黃連ㆍ石膏ㆍ白芍藥ㆍ升麻ㆍ連翹ㆍ黃芩ㆍ苦茶. 補用人參ㆍ黃芪ㆍ白术ㆍ茯苓ㆍ陳皮ㆍ半夏ㆍ乾薑ㆍ麥芽ㆍ山藥. 瀉用巴豆ㆍ三稜ㆍ枳實ㆍ赤芍藥ㆍ大黃ㆍ靑皮ㆍ神麴ㆍ山査子.

Translation영역

To warm it use cyperus, amomum, ginger and cinnamon, costus root, nutmeg, alpinia, Korean mint, clove and prepared aconite. To cool it use gardenia, coptis, gypsum, white peony, cimicifuga, forsythia, scutellaria and bitter tea. To supplement it use ginseng, astragalus, white atractylodes, poria, aged tangerine peel, pinellia, dried ginger, barley sprout and Chinese yam. To drain it use croton seed, sparganium, immature bitter orange, red peony, rhubarb, green tangerine peel, medicated leaven and hawthorn.

Clinical note임상 주석

薑桂 is a contraction of two drugs, 薑 and 桂, on the pattern of 天麥門冬 above; the large intestine's warming column has it again. 縮砂 is 砂仁. The supplementing column is the Four Gentlemen plus Two Aged — 人參, 白术, 茯苓, 陳皮, 半夏 — and the draining column is the food-stagnation group, 神麴, 山査子, 麥芽 standing just across the boundary from it. 白芍藥 cools while 赤芍藥 drains, which is the one place in these twelve lists where the white and red forms of one root are assigned to different columns.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.6 Stomach 胃

1.21.6.1

Source원문

温用丁香ㆍ白豆蔲ㆍ草豆蔲ㆍ乾薑ㆍ厚朴ㆍ益智ㆍ吳茱萸. 凉用石膏ㆍ連翹ㆍ滑石ㆍ升麻ㆍ乾葛ㆍ天花粉ㆍ梔子ㆍ黃芩. 補用白术ㆍ山藥ㆍ蓮實ㆍ芡仁ㆍ白扁豆ㆍ人參ㆍ黃芪ㆍ縮砂. 瀉用巴豆ㆍ大黃ㆍ枳實ㆍ芒硝ㆍ厚朴ㆍ牽牛子.

Translation영역

To warm it use clove, round cardamom, katsumada galangal seed, dried ginger, magnolia bark, alpinia and evodia. To cool it use gypsum, forsythia, talc, cimicifuga, kudzu root, trichosanthes root, gardenia and scutellaria. To supplement it use white atractylodes, Chinese yam, lotus seed, euryale seed, hyacinth bean, ginseng, astragalus and amomum. To drain it use croton seed, rhubarb, immature bitter orange, mirabilite, magnolia bark and morning glory seed.

Clinical note임상 주석

乾葛 is 葛根; 蓮實 is 蓮子肉; 芡仁 is also called 芡實. 厚朴 stands in both the warming and the draining column. The draining column is the purgative set, and 大黃ㆍ芒硝ㆍ枳實ㆍ厚朴 together are the Major Qi-Coordinating Decoction minus its name — which is the point of these lists. They are not formulas but the raw material a formula is assembled from, sorted by what the viscus needs.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.7 Lung 肺

1.21.7.1

Source원문

温用陳皮ㆍ半夏ㆍ生薑ㆍ款冬花ㆍ白豆蔲ㆍ杏仁ㆍ蘇子ㆍ川椒. 凉用知母ㆍ貝母ㆍ瓜蔞仁ㆍ桔梗ㆍ天門冬ㆍ片芩ㆍ梔子ㆍ石膏. 補用人參ㆍ黃芪ㆍ阿膠ㆍ五味子ㆍ天門冬ㆍ沙參ㆍ山藥ㆍ鹿角膠. 瀉用葶藶子ㆍ桑白皮ㆍ防風ㆍ杏仁ㆍ麻黃ㆍ枳殼ㆍ紫蘇葉.

Translation영역

To warm it use aged tangerine peel, pinellia, fresh ginger, coltsfoot flower, round cardamom, apricot kernel, perilla seed and sichuan pepper. To cool it use anemarrhena, fritillaria, trichosanthes seed, platycodon, asparagus root, sliced scutellaria, gardenia and gypsum. To supplement it use ginseng, astragalus, donkey-hide gelatin, schisandra, asparagus root, adenophora, Chinese yam and deer antler gelatin. To drain it use pepperweed seed, mulberry root bark, siler, apricot kernel, ephedra, bitter orange and perilla leaf.

Clinical note임상 주석

片芩 is 黃芩 sliced. 杏仁 stands in both the warming and the draining column — it warms as a descending, oil-bearing kernel and drains as a cough-stopper, and the lung is the one viscus where a single drug is named in a warming and a draining role at once.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.8 Large Intestine 大腸

1.21.8.1

Source원문

温用人參ㆍ薑桂ㆍ半夏ㆍ木香ㆍ胡椒ㆍ吳茱萸. 凉用黃芩ㆍ槐花ㆍ天花粉ㆍ梔子ㆍ連翹ㆍ石膏. 補用鸎粟殼ㆍ五倍子ㆍ牡蠣ㆍ肉豆蔲ㆍ木香ㆍ訶子. 瀉用芒硝ㆍ大黃ㆍ續隨子ㆍ桃仁ㆍ麻仁ㆍ枳殼ㆍ㯽榔ㆍ葱白ㆍ牽牛子.

Translation영역

To warm it use ginseng, ginger and cinnamon, pinellia, costus root, black pepper and evodia. To cool it use scutellaria, pagoda tree flower, trichosanthes root, gardenia, forsythia and gypsum. To supplement it use opium poppy capsule, Chinese gall, oyster shell, nutmeg, costus root and chebula. To drain it use mirabilite, rhubarb, caper spurge seed, peach kernel, hemp seed, bitter orange, areca seed, scallion white and morning glory seed.

Clinical note임상 주석

薑桂 again stands for two drugs, 薑 and 桂. 鸎粟殼 is 罌粟殼; 㯽榔 is 檳榔. For this bowel the supplementing and draining columns are the astringent and the purgative set, and the split is a bowel movement in each direction: 五倍子, 訶子, 鸎粟殼 bind, while 大黃, 芒硝, 桃仁, 麻仁 move. 補 and 瀉 here mean constipating and loosening, not filling and emptying, and the longest draining column in the section is the one that belongs to the bowel whose business is discharge.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.9 Kidney 腎

1.21.9.1

Source원문

温用沉香ㆍ兎絲子ㆍ附子ㆍ肉桂ㆍ破故紙ㆍ栢子仁ㆍ烏藥ㆍ巴戟. 凉用知母ㆍ黃栢ㆍ牡丹皮ㆍ地骨皮ㆍ玄參ㆍ生地黃. 補用熟地黃ㆍ枸杞子ㆍ鹿茸ㆍ龜板ㆍ五味子ㆍ肉蓯蓉ㆍ牛膝ㆍ杜冲. 瀉用澤瀉ㆍ茯苓ㆍ猪苓ㆍ琥珀ㆍ木通.

Translation영역

To warm it use agarwood, cuscuta, prepared aconite, cinnamon bark, psoralea, arborvitae seed, lindera and morinda root. To cool it use anemarrhena, phellodendron, moutan bark, lycium root bark, scrophularia and raw rehmannia. To supplement it use prepared rehmannia, goji berry, deer velvet antler, tortoise plastron, schisandra, cistanche, achyranthes and eucommia bark. To drain it use alisma, poria, polyporus, amber and akebia.

Clinical note임상 주석

破故紙 is 補骨脂; 栢子仁 is 柏子仁; 杜冲 is 杜仲. 知母 and 黃栢 head the cooling column, which is the pair the Fire chapter's yin vacuity rests on, and 熟地黃 heads the supplementing one while 生地黃 ends the cooling one — the raw and the prepared root in different columns, as with the two peonies in the spleen's lists.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.9.2

Source원문

腎本無實, 不可瀉. 用茯苓ㆍ澤瀉, 只伐其邪水邪火也.

Translation영역

The kidney is of itself never replete and must not be drained. Poria and alisma are used only to cut down its evil water and evil fire.

Clinical note임상 주석

A qualification the other eleven lists do not get, and it contradicts the column above it: the kidney has a draining list, and the Bogam immediately says the kidney cannot be drained. The resolution is in 邪 — what alisma and poria remove is not the kidney's own substance but water and fire that do not belong to it. The Essence chapter's rule that essence is only ever added to, never taken away, is the same claim.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.10 Bladder 膀胱

1.21.10.1

Source원문

温用茴香ㆍ烏藥ㆍ肉桂ㆍ沉香ㆍ吳茱萸. 凉用生地黃ㆍ防己ㆍ黃栢ㆍ知母ㆍ滑石ㆍ甘草梢. 補用益智ㆍ菖蒲ㆍ續斷. 瀉用車前子ㆍ瞿麥ㆍ滑石ㆍ芒硝ㆍ澤瀉ㆍ猪苓ㆍ木通.

Translation영역

To warm it use fennel fruit, lindera, cinnamon bark, agarwood and evodia. To cool it use raw rehmannia, sinomenium, phellodendron, anemarrhena, talc and the root tips of licorice. To supplement it use alpinia, acorus and dipsacus. To drain it use plantago seed, dianthus, talc, mirabilite, alisma, polyporus and akebia.

Clinical note임상 주석

菖蒲 is 石菖蒲. The supplementing column is three drugs — the shortest in the section alongside the small intestine's — and all three restrain urine, while the draining column is seven and every one of them promotes it. For this bowel 補 means holding and 瀉 means voiding, as plainly as the large intestine's columns meant binding and moving. 滑石 stands in both the cooling and the draining column, and 甘草梢 is here for the same reason as in the small intestine's list: the fine tips reach the urinary tract.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.11 Life Gate 命門

1.21.11.1

Source원문

温用附子ㆍ肉桂ㆍ破故紙ㆍ茴香ㆍ沉香ㆍ烏藥ㆍ乾薑. 凉用黃栢ㆍ梔子ㆍ柴胡ㆍ知母ㆍ滑石ㆍ芒硝. 補用肉蓯蓉ㆍ沉香ㆍ黃芪ㆍ肉桂ㆍ兎絲子ㆍ破故紙. 瀉用烏藥ㆍ枳殼ㆍ大黃ㆍ芒硝ㆍ黃栢ㆍ梔子.

Translation영역

To warm it use prepared aconite, cinnamon bark, psoralea, fennel fruit, agarwood, lindera and dried ginger. To cool it use phellodendron, gardenia, bupleurum, anemarrhena, talc and mirabilite. To supplement it use cistanche, agarwood, astragalus, cinnamon bark, cuscuta and psoralea. To drain it use lindera, bitter orange, rhubarb, mirabilite, phellodendron and gardenia.

Clinical note임상 주석

The life gate's warming and supplementing columns are nearly one list — 附子, 肉桂, 破故紙, 沉香, 肉蓯蓉, 兎絲子 — and its cooling and draining columns likewise share 黃栢, 梔子, 芒硝. For this gate warming is supplementing and cooling is draining, which is what it means for a thing to be fire and nothing else. The Five Viscera and Six Bowels chapter placed the life gate between the kidneys, and the section at 1.21 said it is supplemented and drained like the heart.

Dongwon 東垣

1.21.12 Triple Burner 三焦

1.21.12.1

Source원문

温用附子ㆍ破故紙ㆍ當歸ㆍ熟地黃ㆍ兎絲子ㆍ吳茱萸ㆍ茴香. 凉用知母ㆍ草龍膽ㆍ木通ㆍ車前子ㆍ地骨皮ㆍ黃栢ㆍ梔子. 補用人參ㆍ黃芪ㆍ乾薑ㆍ甘草ㆍ白术ㆍ桂枝ㆍ益智. 瀉用黃栢ㆍ梔子ㆍ猪苓ㆍ澤瀉ㆍ赤茯苓ㆍ大黃ㆍ㯽榔.

Translation영역

To warm it use prepared aconite, psoralea, Korean angelica, prepared rehmannia, cuscuta, evodia and fennel fruit. To cool it use anemarrhena, gentian, akebia, plantago seed, lycium root bark, phellodendron and gardenia. To supplement it use ginseng, astragalus, dried ginger, licorice, white atractylodes, cinnamon twig and alpinia. To drain it use phellodendron, gardenia, polyporus, alisma, red poria, rhubarb and areca seed.

Clinical note임상 주석

The last of the twelve, and the one whose columns are assembled from the other eleven: the warming column is the kidney's, the supplementing column is the spleen's with 桂枝 added, and the cooling and draining columns are the bladder's and the life gate's. The triple burner has no substance of its own in the tradition and no drugs of its own here either — it is treated through whichever burner is at fault, which is why the section at 1.21 gave it the heart's flavour pairing and no pairing of its own.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22 Guiding Medicines into the Channels 諸經引導

1.22.1

Source원문

引經藥. 太陽經, 手羌活, 足黃栢.

Translation영역

Channel-conducting medicinals. The greater yang channel: for the hand, Notopterygium; for the foot, Phellodendron.

Clinical note임상 주석

The premise of the section: a medicine does not reach a channel by itself but is carried there, and each of the six channel-pairs has its own carrier for the hand division and another for the foot. The twelve of the Pulse chapter's 9.5 are here named by what conducts into them, which is the pharmacological face of the same map. Dongwon's list is the oldest layer in the section; the 回春 list further down names the same twelve by organ instead.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.2

Source원문

太隂經, 手桔梗, 足白芍藥.

Translation영역

The greater yin channel: for the hand, Platycodon; for the foot, white peony.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.3

Source원문

陽明經, 手白芷ㆍ升麻, 足石膏.

Translation영역

The yang brightness channel: for the hand, Dahurian angelica and Cimicifuga; for the foot, gypsum.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.4

Source원문

少隂經, 手獨活, 足知母.

Translation영역

The lesser yin channel: for the hand, Aralia; for the foot, Anemarrhena.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.5

Source원문

少陽經, 手柴胡, 足靑皮.

Translation영역

The lesser yang channel: for the hand, Bupleurum; for the foot, green tangerine peel.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.6

Source원문

厥隂經, 手柴胡, 足靑皮. 《東垣》

Translation영역

The reverting yin channel: for the hand, Bupleurum; for the foot, green tangerine peel.

Clinical note임상 주석

Lesser yang and reverting yin draw the same two conductors, and this is not a copying error. Lesser yang is the triple burner and the gallbladder, reverting yin the pericardium and the liver; Bupleurum goes to gallbladder and liver alike, and green tangerine peel to both, so the pair of channels that stand as exterior and interior to each other share their carriers.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.7

Source원문

歌曰, 小腸膀胱屬太陽, 藁本羌活是本鄕. 三焦膽與肝包絡, 少陽厥隂柴胡強. 陽明大腸兼足胃, 葛根白芷升麻當. 太隂肺脉中焦起, 白芷升麻葱白鄕. 脾經少與肺經異, 升麻芍藥白芷詳. 少隂心經獨活主, 腎經獨活加桂良. 通經用此藥爲使, 更有何病到膏肓. 《東垣》

Translation영역

A song says: the small intestine and the bladder belong to the greater yang, and Ligusticum root and Notopterygium are their native home. The triple burner and the gallbladder, with the liver and the pericardium — lesser yang and reverting yin — Bupleurum is strongest there. For the yang brightness, the large intestine together with the foot's stomach, kudzu root, Dahurian angelica and Cimicifuga are the fitting ones. The greater yin lung vessel rises in the middle burner, and Dahurian angelica, Cimicifuga and scallion white are its home. The spleen channel differs little from the lung channel: Cimicifuga, peony and Dahurian angelica — weigh these. The lesser yin heart channel is governed by Aralia; for the kidney channel, Aralia with cinnamon added is good. To free the channels, use these medicines as couriers, and what disease will then reach the gaohuang?

Clinical note임상 주석

The same twelve channels again, in a mnemonic of seven-character lines rhyming on 陽ㆍ鄕ㆍ強ㆍ當ㆍ鄕ㆍ詳ㆍ良ㆍ肓. 當 at the end of the sixth line and 詳 at the end of the tenth are doing rhyme work as much as sense; they are rendered as 'the fitting ones' and 'weigh these'. 膏肓 — the spot between the shoulder blades that no needle reaches — is the idiom for a disease past curing, so the last line claims that with the right courier no disease gets beyond reach. The 使 of 通經用此藥爲使 is the courier of the 君臣佐使 ranking, not a separate medicine. The tenth line, 升麻芍藥白芷詳, is a second place the collation line 芍藥 : 兼之 could belong; it is entered at 腹痛須用芍藥 further down on the authority of the line numbering, and the doubt is recorded there.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.8

Source원문

肝引經, 柴胡ㆍ川芎行上, 靑皮行下.

Translation영역

Conducting into the liver channel: Bupleurum and Cnidium for moving upward, green tangerine peel for moving downward.

Clinical note임상 주석

The 回春 list splits every conductor by direction — 行上 for carrying the formula up a channel, 行下 for carrying it down — which Dongwon's hand-and-foot list above does not do. The two lists are not rivals: Dongwon sorts by channel division, 回春 by where in the channel the trouble sits. 用根梢法 at 1.20 made the same distinction with the root and tip of a single plant.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.9

Source원문

膽引經, 柴胡ㆍ川芎行上, 靑皮行下.

Translation영역

Conducting into the gallbladder channel: Bupleurum and Cnidium for moving upward, green tangerine peel for moving downward.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.10

Source원문

心引經, 獨活ㆍ細辛.

Translation영역

Conducting into the heart channel: Aralia and Asarum.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.11

Source원문

少腸引經, 藁本ㆍ羌活行上, 黃栢行下.

Translation영역

Conducting into the small intestine channel: Ligusticum root and Notopterygium for moving upward, Phellodendron for moving downward.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.12

Source원문

脾引經, 升麻ㆍ酒白芍藥.

Translation영역

Conducting into the spleen channel: Cimicifuga, and white peony in wine.

Clinical note임상 주석

酒白芍藥 is read as wine-treated white peony, the 酒 modifying the medicine as it does throughout 1.5 修製法 and 1.6 制藥方法, where wine is what sends a medicine upward and outward. It could instead be read as two items, 'wine, and white peony' — see the note on the kidney entry below, where the same ambiguity is sharper.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.13

Source원문

胃引經, 葛根ㆍ升麻ㆍ白芷行上, 石膏行下.

Translation영역

Conducting into the stomach channel: kudzu root, Cimicifuga and Dahurian angelica for moving upward, gypsum for moving downward.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.14

Source원문

肺引經, 白芷ㆍ升麻ㆍ葱白.

Translation영역

Conducting into the lung channel: Dahurian angelica, Cimicifuga and scallion white.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.15

Source원문

大腸引經, 葛根ㆍ升麻行上, 白芷ㆍ石膏行下.

Translation영역

Conducting into the large intestine channel: kudzu root and Cimicifuga for moving upward, Dahurian angelica and gypsum for moving downward.

Clinical note임상 주석

Stomach and large intestine share the yang brightness and share all four conductors, but the sorting differs: Dahurian angelica goes upward for the stomach and downward for the large intestine. The pairing is easy to read backwards and the two entries should be checked against each other rather than merged.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.16

Source원문

腎引經, 獨活ㆍ肉桂ㆍ𥂁ㆍ酒.

Translation영역

Conducting into the kidney channel: Aralia, cinnamon bark, salt and wine.

Clinical note임상 주석

𥂁 is the transcription's form for 鹽. 1.5 修製法 has 入腎用𥂁 — salt for entering the kidney — so salt and wine standing as two conductors here is consistent with that chapter. The alternative reading, 𥂁酒 as one thing, salted wine, cannot be ruled out from the characters alone; a salt-and-wine processing is also a single operation in practice. Left as two, with the doubt recorded.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.17

Source원문

膀胱引經, 藁本ㆍ羌活行上, 黃栢行下.

Translation영역

Conducting into the bladder channel: Ligusticum root and Notopterygium for moving upward, Phellodendron for moving downward.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.18

Source원문

心包引經, 柴胡行上, 川芎ㆍ靑皮行下.

Translation영역

Conducting into the pericardium channel: Bupleurum for moving upward, Cnidium and green tangerine peel for moving downward.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.19

Source원문

三焦引經, 柴胡ㆍ川芎行上, 靑皮行下. 《回春》

Translation영역

Conducting into the triple burner channel: Bupleurum and Cnidium for moving upward, green tangerine peel for moving downward.

Clinical note임상 주석

Twelve organs, closing the list: liver, gallbladder, heart, small intestine, spleen, stomach, lung, large intestine, kidney, bladder, pericardium, triple burner. Pericardium and triple burner differ only in that the pericardium sends Cnidium downward and the triple burner upward, which is the one place in the list where a paired channel does not take the same assignment.

Hoechun 回春

1.22.20

Source원문

附子爲百藥之長, 通行諸經. 《入門》

Translation영역

Prepared aconite is the chief of the hundred medicines and passes through all the channels.

Clinical note임상 주석

The exception to the whole scheme. Every other medicine here needs a courier for one channel; aconite is its own courier for all twelve. This is why it appears in the 温用 column of so many of the twelve organs in 五臟補瀉 at 1.21.

Immun 入門

1.22.21

Source원문

頭痛須用川芎.

Translation영역

For headache, Cnidium must be used.

Clinical note임상 주석

A second list begins here and runs to the end of the section: not channel by channel but complaint by complaint, forty-two entries of the form 'for X, Y must be used'. The grammar is 須用 throughout — the medicine is obligatory, not merely suitable — and the whole run carries one source annotation, 東垣, at its close.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.22

Source원문

頂巓痛須用藁本.

Translation영역

For pain at the crown of the head, Ligusticum root must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.23

Source원문

肢節痛須用羌活.

Translation영역

For pain in the joints of the limbs, Notopterygium must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.24

Source원문

腹痛須用芍藥, 惡寒加桂, 惡熱加黃栢.

Translation영역

For abdominal pain, peony must be used; with aversion to cold add cinnamon, with aversion to heat add Phellodendron.

Clinical note임상 주석

One further datum for whoever settles the placement above, recorded because it points the other way from the line numbering: leaf 011b lists its collation lines in the order 芍藥, 本, 驚悸, and the only 本 in the leaf (藁本, three times) stand after the song line and before this entry. If the collation lines follow the order the characters fall in the leaf, the song line is the site. That ordering argument is not conclusive on its own — it is the same argument withdrawn in the note on 腹中熱痛 — but here it agrees with the reading that makes sense of the Chinese.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.25

Source원문

飮水多須用白术ㆍ茯苓ㆍ猪苓.

Translation영역

For drinking much water, white atractylodes, poria and polyporus must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.26

Source원문

驚悸恍惚須用茯神.

Translation영역

For fright palpitations with abstraction, poria with hostwood must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.27

Source원문

心下痞須用枳實ㆍ黃連.

Translation영역

For glomus below the heart, immature bitter orange and Coptis must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.28

Source원문

肌熱須用黃芩.

Translation영역

For heat in the flesh, Scutellaria must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.29

Source원문

腹脹須用厚朴.

Translation영역

For abdominal distension, Magnolia bark must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.30

Source원문

脇下痛寒熱須用柴胡.

Translation영역

For pain below the ribside with cold and heat, Bupleurum must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.31

Source원문

脾胃有濕痰怠惰須用白术.

Translation영역

Where the spleen and stomach have damp phlegm and there is listlessness, white atractylodes must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.32

Source원문

破滯氣須用枳殼.

Translation영역

To break stagnant qi, bitter orange must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.33

Source원문

破滯血須用桃仁ㆍ蘇木.

Translation영역

To break stagnant blood, peach kernel and sappan wood must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.34

Source원문

血不足須用甘草.

Translation영역

For insufficiency of blood, licorice must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.35

Source원문

去痰須用半夏, 熱加黃芩, 風加南星.

Translation영역

To remove phlegm, Pinellia must be used; for heat add Scutellaria, for wind add Arisaema.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.36

Source원문

寒痰痞塞須用陳皮ㆍ白术.

Translation영역

For cold phlegm with glomus and blockage, aged tangerine peel and white atractylodes must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.37

Source원문

腹中窄狹須用蒼术.

Translation영역

When the abdomen feels narrow and cramped, Atractylodes lancea must be used.

Clinical note임상 주석

术 is the transcription's form for 朮 throughout this list; 白术 is 白朮 and 蒼术 is 蒼朮. The two are divided here as Dongwon divides them — white atractylodes for damp phlegm and listlessness, Atractylodes lancea for the cramped abdomen — and the pair should not be collapsed into one entry.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.38

Source원문

調氣須用木香.

Translation영역

To regulate qi, costus root must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.39

Source원문

補氣須用人參.

Translation영역

To supplement qi, ginseng must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.40

Source원문

和血須用當歸.

Translation영역

To harmonize blood, Korean angelica must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.41

Source원문

下焦濕熱幷膀胱有火邪須用酒洗防己ㆍ草龍膽ㆍ黃栢ㆍ知母.

Translation영역

For damp heat in the lower burner together with fire evil in the bladder, wine-washed Sinomenium, gentian, Phellodendron and Anemarrhena must be used.

Clinical note임상 주석

酒洗 governs all four medicines or only the first; the characters do not decide it. Read here as governing the run, on the pattern of 眼痛須用黃連當歸並酒製 below, where 並 is written precisely to say that both are so treated — its absence here is weak evidence the other way.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.42

Source원문

內傷虛汗須用黃芪.

Translation영역

For internal damage with vacuity sweating, Astragalus must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.43

Source원문

上焦熱須用幷芩.

Translation영역

For heat in the upper burner, sliced Scutellaria must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.44

Source원문

中焦濕熱須用黃連.

Translation영역

For damp heat in the middle burner, Coptis must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.45

Source원문

去滯氣須用靑皮.

Translation영역

To remove stagnant qi, green tangerine peel must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.46

Source원문

渴須用乾葛ㆍ茯苓.

Translation영역

For thirst, dried kudzu root and poria must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.47

Source원문

嗽須用五味子.

Translation영역

For cough, Schisandra must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.48

Source원문

喘須用阿膠.

Translation영역

For panting, donkey-hide gelatin must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.49

Source원문

宿食不消須用黃連ㆍ枳實.

Translation영역

For abiding food that will not disperse, Coptis and immature bitter orange must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.50

Source원문

胷中煩熱須用梔子.

Translation영역

For vexing heat in the chest, Gardenia must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.51

Source원문

水瀉須用白术ㆍ茯苓ㆍ芍藥.

Translation영역

For watery diarrhoea, white atractylodes, poria and peony must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.52

Source원문

氣刺痛須用枳殼.

Translation영역

For stabbing pain of qi, bitter orange must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.53

Source원문

血刺痛須用當歸.

Translation영역

For stabbing pain of blood, Korean angelica must be used.

Clinical note임상 주석

The pair with the entry above it is the whole method of this list in miniature: the same symptom, stabbing pain, gets bitter orange when it is qi and Korean angelica when it is blood. The same split runs through 破滯氣 and 破滯血 earlier, and through 去滯氣 and 調氣. Whoever reads the list must keep the qi and blood entries apart.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.54

Source원문

瘡痛須用黃連ㆍ黃芩ㆍ黃栢.

Translation영역

For the pain of sores, Coptis, Scutellaria and Phellodendron must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.55

Source원문

眼痛須用黃連ㆍ當歸, 並酒製.

Translation영역

For eye pain, Coptis and Korean angelica must be used, both processed with wine.

Clinical note임상 주석

並 is the transcription's form for 幷 and means that both medicines take the wine processing, not that something is added alongside.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.56

Source원문

小便黃須用黃栢.

Translation영역

For yellow urine, Phellodendron must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.57

Source원문

小便澁數須用澤瀉.

Translation영역

For inhibited and frequent urination, Alisma must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.58

Source원문

腹中熱痛須用大黃ㆍ芒硝.

Translation영역

For heat pain within the abdomen, rhubarb and mirabilite must be used.

Clinical note임상 주석

The collation line 熱 : 實 was recorded for leaf 012a, which holds the whole run from 腹中窄狹 to the close of the section, and 熱 stands at six places in that leaf — 下焦濕熱, 上焦熱, 中焦濕熱, 胷中煩熱, 腹中熱痛 and 純寒純熱. Only two of the six yield sense with 實: this entry, as 腹中實痛須用大黃芒硝 — repletion pain within the abdomen, which suits a purging pair exactly — and 上焦熱須用幷芩, as 上焦實須用片芩. The other four (下焦濕實, 中焦濕實, 胷中煩實, 純寒純實) do not read. It is attached here for the better fit, not on proof. An argument from the order of the collation lines would also put it here, since this line follows 幷 : 片 and that one belongs to 上焦熱須用幷芩 — but that argument is not safe: on leaf 011b the line 芍藥 : 兼之 has been assigned to a passage that the same ordering rule would exclude. Whoever has the first edition should settle it.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.59

Source원문

小腹痛須用靑皮.

Translation영역

For pain in the lesser abdomen, green tangerine peel must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.60

Source원문

莖中痛須用甘草梢.

Translation영역

For pain within the stalk, licorice tip must be used.

Clinical note임상 주석

莖 is the penis. The tip of the licorice root rather than the whole root, on the principle of 1.20 用根梢法 that the tip of a plant goes to the lower body and the extremities.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.61

Source원문

胃脘痛須用草豆蔲.

Translation영역

For pain in the stomach duct, Katsumada galangal seed must be used.

Dongwon 東垣

1.22.62

Source원문

凡用純寒純熱, 必用甘草以緩其力. 寒熱相雜, 亦以此調和之. 《東垣》

Translation영역

Whenever purely cold or purely hot medicines are used, licorice must be used to moderate their force; and where cold and hot are mixed together, it is used to harmonize them as well.

Clinical note임상 주석

The one general rule in a section of particulars, and the reason licorice is in so many formulas that no indication accounts for. It is not there for the complaint but for the other medicines — slowing a purely cold or purely hot prescription, and reconciling one that holds both.

Dongwon 東垣

1.23 Foods to Avoid While Taking Medicine 服藥食忌

1.23.1

Source원문

凡服藥, 不可多食生胡荽及蒜ㆍ雜生菜. 又不可食諸滑物ㆍ果實等. 又不可多食肥猪ㆍ犬肉ㆍ油膩ㆍ肥羹ㆍ魚膾ㆍ腥臊等物. 服藥通忌見死尸及産婦淹穢等事. 《本草》

Translation영역

Whenever medicine is taken, one must not eat much raw coriander or garlic, nor assorted raw greens. Nor may one eat slippery things, fruits and the like. Nor may one eat much fat pork, dog meat, oily and greasy food, rich broth, raw sliced fish, or rank and gamy things. In taking medicine it is generally forbidden to look on a corpse, or on a woman in childbed, or on other defiling and unclean matters.

Clinical note임상 주석

The general prohibition before the particular ones. Three classes of food — pungent raw vegetables, slippery and fruity things, and fat flesh — and then a prohibition that is not dietary at all. The corpse and the childbed are 穢, defilement, and the Bogam keeps that category where it found it rather than reading it as hygiene.

Boncho 本草

1.23.2

Source원문

服諸藥, 不可多食醋.

Translation영역

In taking any medicine one must not eat much vinegar.

Boncho 本草

1.23.3

Source원문

大都服藥通忌生菜. 《本草》

Translation영역

In the main, in taking medicine raw greens are forbidden throughout.

Boncho 本草

1.23.4

Source원문

有术, 勿食桃ㆍ李ㆍ雀ㆍ蛤ㆍ胡荽ㆍ大蒜ㆍ靑魚鮓.

Translation영역

Where there is Atractylodes, do not eat peach, plum, sparrow, clam, coriander, garlic or pickled blue fish.

Clinical note임상 주석

Forty-three entries follow, all of the form 'where there is medicine A, do not eat food B', and all under the one source annotation at the close of the section. The medicine comes first and the forbidden food second throughout; read the other way round, every one of them says something the Bogam does not say. 术 is the transcription's form for 朮, and since the entry does not say white or black it covers both 白朮 and 蒼朮.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.5

Source원문

有半夏ㆍ菖蒲, 勿食飴糖ㆍ羊肉ㆍ海藻.

Translation영역

Where there is Pinellia or Acorus, do not eat malt syrup, mutton or sargassum.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.6

Source원문

有地黃, 勿食葱ㆍ蒜ㆍ蘿葍.

Translation영역

Where there is Rehmannia, do not eat scallion, garlic or radish.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.7

Source원문

服地黃ㆍ何首烏人, 食蘿葍則能耗諸血, 令人髭髮早白.

Translation영역

If one who is taking Rehmannia or fleeceflower root eats radish, it can waste all the blood and make the beard and hair turn white early.

Clinical note임상 주석

The reason given for the prohibition above, and the only one in the section stated as a mechanism: radish is held to scatter what these two medicines are being taken to build. The sign offered as proof — early greying — is the same sign the Bogam reads elsewhere as blood and essence falling short.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.8

Source원문

有何首烏, 勿食無鱗魚.

Translation영역

Where there is fleeceflower root, do not eat scaleless fish.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.9

Source원문

有巴豆, 勿食蘆笋羹ㆍ野猪肉及醬豉ㆍ冷水.

Translation영역

Where there is croton seed, do not eat broth of reed shoots, wild boar, soy paste and fermented beans, or cold water.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.10

Source원문

有黃連ㆍ桔梗, 勿食猪肉. 服黃連不得食猪肉, 若服至三年, 不得食猪肉一生.

Translation영역

Where there is Coptis or Platycodon, do not eat pork. One taking Coptis may not eat pork; and if one has taken it for three years, one may not eat pork for the rest of one's life.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.11

Source원문

黃連又忌冷水.

Translation영역

Coptis also avoids cold water.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.12

Source원문

胡黃連忌猪肉, 食之則漏精.

Translation영역

Picrorhiza avoids pork; eating it causes seminal leakage.

Clinical note임상 주석

Three consecutive entries on Coptis and then one on Picrorhiza, which is a different medicine with its own prohibition and its own consequence. The pair 黃連 and 胡黃連 is the easiest confusion in the section, and the pork prohibition belongs to both while the seminal leakage belongs only to Picrorhiza.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.13

Source원문

有細辛, 勿食生菜.

Translation영역

Where there is Asarum, do not eat raw greens.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.14

Source원문

有藜蘆, 勿食狸肉.

Translation영역

Where there is black false hellebore, do not eat wildcat flesh.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.15

Source원문

有牡丹, 勿食生胡荽.

Translation영역

Where there is Moutan, do not eat raw coriander.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.16

Source원문

有商陸, 勿食犬肉.

Translation영역

Where there is pokeweed root, do not eat dog meat.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.17

Source원문

有常山, 勿食生葱ㆍ生菜一作菘菜.

Translation영역

Where there is Dichroa root, do not eat raw scallion or raw greens one text has 菘菜, Chinese cabbage.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.18

Source원문

有朱砂ㆍ空靑, 勿食生血物.

Translation영역

Where there is cinnabar or azurite, do not eat things with raw blood in them.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.19

Source원문

有茯苓, 勿食醋酸物. 一云忌米醋. 盖服茯苓人喫醋, 則前功俱廢.

Translation영역

Where there is poria, do not eat vinegar or sour things. One account says rice vinegar is to be avoided. For if one taking poria drinks vinegar, all the benefit already gained is thrown away.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.20

Source원문

有甘草, 勿食菘菜ㆍ海藻ㆍ猪肉. 一云服甘草而食菘, 卽令病不除.

Translation영역

Where there is licorice, do not eat Chinese cabbage, sargassum or pork. One account says that if one takes licorice and eats Chinese cabbage, the disease will not be removed.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.21

Source원문

有鼈甲, 勿食莧菜. 今取鼈甲細剉, 置水濕處, 卽變生鼈, 是其驗也.

Translation영역

Where there is turtle carapace, do not eat amaranth. If one takes turtle carapace now, cuts it up fine and sets it in a wet place, it turns into a live turtle — that is the proof of it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The proof offered is not a proof. The Bencao's claim is that amaranth has the power to reanimate turtle shell, which is why it must not meet the medicine; the demonstration described leaves out the amaranth entirely. Recorded as the Bogam records it.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.22

Source원문

有天門冬, 勿食鯉魚. 服天門冬誤食鯉魚中毒, 浮萍解之.

Translation영역

Where there is Asparagus root, do not eat carp. If one taking Asparagus root eats carp by mistake and is poisoned, duckweed resolves it.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.23

Source원문

有水銀ㆍ輕粉, 忌一切血.

Translation영역

Where there is mercury or calomel, all blood is to be avoided.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.24

Source원문

銀忌一切血.

Translation영역

Silver avoids all blood.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.25

Source원문

陽起石忌羊血.

Translation영역

Actinolite avoids sheep's blood.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.26

Source원문

服黃精人, 禁食梅實.

Translation영역

One who is taking Solomon's seal rhizome is forbidden to eat mume plum.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.27

Source원문

有牛膝, 勿食牛肉.

Translation영역

Where there is Achyranthes, do not eat beef.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.28

Source원문

當歸惡熱麫.

Translation영역

Korean angelica dislikes hot noodles.

Clinical note임상 주석

麫 is the transcription's form for 麵. 惡 here is the 相惡 of 1.25 相反藥, the weaker of the two relations — dislike, not opposition — and the Bogam uses 惡ㆍ忌ㆍ禁ㆍ勿食 across this section without obviously ranking them.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.29

Source원문

烏頭ㆍ天雄忌豉汁.

Translation영역

Aconite and tianxiong aconite avoid the liquor of fermented beans.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.30

Source원문

牡丹皮忌蒜.

Translation영역

Moutan bark avoids garlic.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.31

Source원문

有桂, 勿食生葱.

Translation영역

Where there is cinnamon, do not eat raw scallion.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.32

Source원문

有麥門冬, 勿食鯽魚.

Translation영역

Where there is Liriope, do not eat crucian carp.

Clinical note임상 주석

Two fish prohibitions in the section and they belong to different medicines: carp to Asparagus root, crucian carp to Liriope. The two 門冬 are the pair most often written as one (天麥門冬, as 1.24 does) and the fish must not be swapped between them.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.33

Source원문

厚朴忌豆, 食之者動氣.

Translation영역

Magnolia bark avoids beans; one who eats them stirs the qi.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.34

Source원문

威靈仙忌茗及麪湯.

Translation영역

Clematis avoids tea and wheat-flour water.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.35

Source원문

有蒼耳, 忌食猪肉ㆍ米泔.

Translation영역

Where there is cocklebur, pork and rice-washing water are to be avoided.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.36

Source원문

乾漆忌油脂.

Translation영역

Dried lacquer avoids oil and fat.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.37

Source원문

枸杞與乳酪相惡.

Translation영역

Lycium and milk curd dislike each other.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.38

Source원문

龍骨忌魚.

Translation영역

Dragon bone avoids fish.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.39

Source원문

麝香禁食大蒜.

Translation영역

With musk, eating garlic is forbidden.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.40

Source원문

破故紙忌羊肉.

Translation영역

Psoralea avoids mutton.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.41

Source원문

蓮花忌地黃ㆍ蒜.

Translation영역

Lotus flower avoids Rehmannia and garlic.

Clinical note임상 주석

One of the two entries in the section where the forbidden thing is itself a medicine rather than a food — Rehmannia here, and the whole of 1.25 相反藥 for the rest. The garlic is dietary, the Rehmannia is not, and the entry holds both without marking the difference.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.42

Source원문

杏仁忌粟米.

Translation영역

Apricot kernel avoids foxtail millet.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.43

Source원문

蜜忌葱及萵苣.

Translation영역

Honey avoids scallion and lettuce.

Clinical note임상 주석

The honey and scallion prohibition returns at 1.25 as a killing opposition, which is the stronger statement; here it is only 忌. The two sections overlap at several points and do not agree on how dangerous the pairs are.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.44

Source원문

猪肉殺藥. 猪膏忌烏梅.

Translation영역

Pork kills medicine. Lard avoids mume plum.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.45

Source원문

餌藥之人, 食鹿肉必不得藥力. 盖鹿恒食解毒草, 能制諸藥耳. 恒食名草者, 葛花ㆍ鹿葱ㆍ白藥苗ㆍ白蒿ㆍ水芹ㆍ甘草ㆍ蒼耳ㆍ薺苨.

Translation영역

One who is taking medicine and eats venison will surely not get the force of the medicine, for the deer constantly eats toxin-resolving herbs and so can subdue all medicines. The named herbs it constantly eats are: kudzu flower, daylily, white-medicine shoots, white wormwood, water dropwort, licorice, cocklebur and Adenophora.

Clinical note임상 주석

An argument rather than a rule, and the only entry that explains a prohibition by the animal's diet. Three of the eight herbs are read with less than confidence: 鹿葱 is taken as the daylily (Hemerocallis), which is its ordinary identification but is also written for other plants; 白藥苗 is read as the shoots of 白藥, and the division of the three characters is not certain — 白藥 alone followed by 苗 as a separate item would also parse; 薺苨 is Adenophora remotiflora. On the last, see the note on the glossary discrepancy in the report.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.23.46

Source원문

凡使一切角, 大忌𥂁. 《本草入門》

Translation영역

Whenever any kind of horn is used, salt is greatly to be avoided.

Clinical note임상 주석

𥂁 is the transcription's form for 鹽. The same sentence closes 1.24 忌銅鐵藥 with 修治 (processing) in place of 使 (using), so the prohibition covers both the preparation of horn medicines and their administration.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24 Medicines that Avoid Copper and Iron 忌銅鐵藥

1.24.1

Source원문

凡藥不得見銅鐵氣者, 緣肝氣惡之也. 《得效》

Translation영역

That some medicines may not meet the qi of copper or iron is because the liver qi dislikes it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The reason put first, and it is a five-phase reason, not a chemical one: metal cuts wood, and the liver is wood. What follows is a list of some two dozen medicines and the knives, mortars and vessels they may be touched with.

Deukhyo 得效

1.24.2

Source원문

黃栢ㆍ地黃之類俱忌鐵器蒸搗, 何歟. 曰, 地黃ㆍ黃栢皆腎經藥也. 錢仲陽曰, 腎有補而無瀉. 又曰, 虛者補其母, 實者瀉其子. 所以忌鐵器者, 防其伐木瀉肝, 恐子能令母虛也. 竟無他說. 《正傳》

Translation영역

Why do Phellodendron and Rehmannia and their kind all avoid being steamed and pounded in iron vessels? The answer: Rehmannia and Phellodendron are both kidney-channel medicines. Qian Zhongyang said that the kidney has supplementing and no draining. He also said: where there is vacuity, supplement its mother; where there is repletion, drain its child. The reason iron vessels are avoided is to guard against their hewing the wood and draining the liver, for fear that the child can make the mother vacuous. In the end there is no other explanation.

Clinical note임상 주석

The argument worked out. The kidney is water and the liver its child, wood; iron is metal, and metal hews wood. So an iron vessel drains the liver, and draining the child empties the mother — which is the one thing the kidney, having supplementing and no draining, must not suffer. 錢仲陽 is Qian Yi, the Song paediatrician, whose 腎有補而無瀉 the Bogam cites wherever a kidney medicine is being protected. 竟無他說 is the Jeongjeon's own admission that the reasoning is all there is.

Jeongjeon 正傳

1.24.3

Source원문

桑白皮忌鐵與鈆, 不可近之. 桑枝同.

Translation영역

Mulberry root bark avoids iron and lead and may not come near them. Mulberry twig is the same.

Clinical note임상 주석

鈆 is the transcription's form for 鉛. Lead joins iron in several of these entries, and copper is permitted in most of them — the knife of choice through the section is copper, with bamboo and silver as alternatives.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.4

Source원문

桑寄生忌鐵, 以銅刀剉.

Translation영역

Mulberry mistletoe avoids iron; cut it with a copper knife.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.5

Source원문

地黃勿犯銅鐵器, 令人腎消幷髮白, 男損榮, 女損衛.

Translation영역

Rehmannia must not touch copper or iron vessels: it makes a person's kidney waste and the hair turn white, damaging the construction in men and the defence in women.

Clinical note임상 주석

腎消 is one of the three wastings, named again at the end of the 知母 entry below. The claim that the damage falls on the construction in men and the defence in women is not repeated elsewhere in the section and is recorded as it stands.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.6

Source원문

菖蒲不可犯鐵, 令人吐逆. 宜以銅刀或竹刀刮切.

Translation영역

Acorus may not touch iron, for it makes a person retch and vomit. Scrape and cut it with a copper or a bamboo knife.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.7

Source원문

益母草忌鐵, 切用銀竹刀, 煎用銀磁器.

Translation영역

Motherwort avoids iron: cut it with a silver or bamboo knife and decoct it in a silver or porcelain vessel.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.8

Source원문

木瓜勿令犯鐵及鈆, 宜以銅刀削皮.

Translation영역

Chinese quince must not be let to touch iron or lead; pare its skin with a copper knife.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.9

Source원문

石榴皮ㆍ葉ㆍ根並勿令犯鐵.

Translation영역

Pomegranate rind, leaf and root must none of them be let to touch iron.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.10

Source원문

何首烏忌銅鐵, 以苦竹刀切.

Translation영역

Fleeceflower root avoids copper and iron; cut it with a bitter-bamboo knife.

Clinical note임상 주석

One of the four medicines in the section that avoid copper as well as iron — with Scrophularia, Aleppo gall and nutmeg — so for these the copper knife that serves everywhere else is itself forbidden, and bamboo takes its place.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.11

Source원문

香附子於石臼中搗, 勿令犯鐵. 用之切忌.

Translation영역

Cyperus is pounded in a stone mortar and must not be let to touch iron; in using it this is strictly forbidden.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.12

Source원문

茜根勿犯鐵與鈆, 以銅刀剉.

Translation영역

Madder root must not touch iron or lead; cut it with a copper knife.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.13

Source원문

玄參勿令犯銅鐵, 餌之噎人喉, 喪人目.

Translation영역

Scrophularia must not be let to touch copper or iron: taken so, it chokes the throat and destroys the eyes.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.14

Source원문

牡丹皮採根, 以銅刀劈去骨.

Translation영역

Moutan bark: in gathering the root, split it with a copper knife and discard the core.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.15

Source원문

杜冲瓦上乾, 於木臼中搗, 則忌鐵明矣.

Translation영역

Eucommia is dried on a tile and pounded in a wooden mortar — so that it avoids iron is plain.

Clinical note임상 주석

杜冲 is the transcription's writing of 杜仲. The entry argues backwards from the received method: nobody says in so many words that Eucommia avoids iron, but the tile and the wooden mortar say it.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.16

Source원문

知母ㆍ黃栢並勿令犯鐵器.

Translation영역

Anemarrhena and Phellodendron must neither of them be let to touch iron vessels.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.17

Source원문

知母ㆍ桑白皮ㆍ天麥門冬ㆍ生熟地黃ㆍ何首烏俱忌鐵器, 用竹刀切之. 犯鐵則必患三消.

Translation영역

Anemarrhena, mulberry root bark, Asparagus root and Liriope, raw and prepared Rehmannia, and fleeceflower root all avoid iron vessels; cut them with a bamboo knife. If they touch iron, one will certainly suffer the three wastings.

Clinical note임상 주석

天麥門冬 collapses 天門冬 and 麥門冬 into one written form, and 生熟地黃 does the same for 生地黃 and 熟地黃; the list is six names standing for eight medicines. Every one of them is a water-supplementing medicine, and the penalty named is the three wastings — the disease of water failing — so the entry is saying that an iron knife turns the remedy into the illness.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.18

Source원문

肉豆蔲勿令犯銅.

Translation영역

Nutmeg must not be let to touch copper.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.19

Source원문

忍冬草忌犯鐵.

Translation영역

Honeysuckle avoids touching iron.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.20

Source원문

柴胡忌銅鐵.

Translation영역

Bupleurum avoids copper and iron.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.21

Source원문

沒石子勿令犯銅鐵.

Translation영역

Aleppo gall must not be let to touch copper or iron.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.22

Source원문

白馬莖以銅刀劈破, 忌犯鐵.

Translation영역

A white horse's stalk is split open with a copper knife; it avoids touching iron.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.23

Source원문

草龍膽忌鐵, 以銅刀刮.

Translation영역

Gentian avoids iron; scrape it with a copper knife.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.24

Source원문

桃奴以銅刀刮取肉.

Translation영역

Withered peach: scrape off and take the flesh with a copper knife.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.25

Source원문

骨碎補以銅刀削去毛.

Translation영역

Drynaria: pare off the hairs with a copper knife.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.26

Source원문

地骨皮忌鐵.

Translation영역

Lycium root bark avoids iron.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.27

Source원문

猪苓以銅刀削去黑皮用之.

Translation영역

Polyporus: pare off the black skin with a copper knife and use it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The last four entries name no prohibition at all, only a copper knife, and the section takes the knife as saying the prohibition. That is the same inference the Eucommia entry makes explicit.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.24.28

Source원문

凡修治一切角, 大忌𥂁. 《本草入門》

Translation영역

Whenever any kind of horn is processed, salt is greatly to be avoided.

Clinical note임상 주석

The same closing sentence as 1.23, with 修治 for 使. Salt is not a metal and horn is not on the list above, so the line sits outside the section's subject; both sections carry it, which suggests it travelled with the 本草ㆍ入門 material rather than belonging to either.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25 Medicines in Mutual Opposition 相反藥

1.25.1

Source원문

相反爲害, 甚於相惡者. 謂彼雖惡我, 我無忿心, 猶牛黃惡龍骨而龍骨得牛黃更良, 此有以制伏故也. 相反者, 則彼我交讎, 必不宜合. 今畫家用雌黃ㆍ胡粉相近, 便自黯妬. 粉得黃卽黑, 黃得粉亦變. 此盖相反之證也. 《本草》

Translation영역

The harm done by mutual opposition is worse than that of mutual dislike. Dislike means that although the other dislikes me, I bear it no resentment — as cattle gallstone dislikes dragon bone, and yet dragon bone with cattle gallstone is better still, because there is something by which it is subdued. With mutual opposition, the two are enemies to each other and must on no account be combined. Now when painters set orpiment and white lead close together, they blacken of themselves out of jealousy: the lead meeting the orpiment turns black, and the orpiment meeting the lead is also altered. This is the evidence of mutual opposition.

Clinical note임상 주석

The distinction the whole section rests on. 相惡 is one-sided and can even be useful — dragon bone is the better for the cattle gallstone that dislikes it — while 相反 is mutual and ruins both. The proof is taken from outside medicine, from the painter's pigments, which is a genuine observation: orpiment is an arsenic sulphide and white lead a lead carbonate, and in contact they do blacken. The Bogam reads the colour change as evidence about bodies.

Boncho 本草

1.25.2

Source원문

人參ㆍ丹參ㆍ沙參ㆍ苦參ㆍ玄參ㆍ紫參ㆍ細辛ㆍ芍藥皆與藜蘆相反.

Translation영역

Ginseng, Salvia, Adenophora, Sophora root, Scrophularia, bistort, Asarum and peony are all in opposition to black false hellebore.

Clinical note임상 주석

The first of the three group oppositions, known in the eighteen-opposition verse as 諸參辛芍叛藜蘆 — the shens, Asarum and peony rebel against Veratrum. Six of the eight are 參 medicines and they are not interchangeable: 人參 ginseng, 丹參 Salvia, 沙參 Adenophora, 苦參 Sophora root, 玄參 Scrophularia, 紫參 bistort. 紫參 is the one not in the project glossary; it is read as Polygonum bistorta, which is its usual identification in Bencao contexts, but Salvia chinensis is also written 紫參 and the entry does not decide it.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.3

Source원문

半夏ㆍ瓜蔞ㆍ貝母ㆍ白歛ㆍ白芨俱與烏頭相反.

Translation영역

Pinellia, Trichosanthes, Fritillaria, Ampelopsis and Bletilla are all in opposition to aconite.

Clinical note임상 주석

The second group, 半蔞貝歛芨攻烏 of the verse. 白歛 is the transcription's form for 白斂 (Ampelopsis) and 白芨 for 白及 (Bletilla); the two are a standing pair and neither is the 白蘞 of some editions. Aconite is the opposed medicine here and also the first item of the singles list below, where it opposes rhinoceros horn.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.4

Source원문

大戟ㆍ芫花ㆍ甘遂ㆍ海藻皆與甘草相反.

Translation영역

Peking spurge, genkwa, kansui and sargassum are all in opposition to licorice.

Clinical note임상 주석

The third group, 藻戟遂芫俱戰草. This is the opposition with the most practical weight, because licorice is in so many formulas for the reason given at the close of 1.22 — to moderate and harmonize — and these four are the strong water-expelling medicines. A formula built around any of them cannot take the licorice that would ordinarily be added to soften it.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.5

Source원문

石决明反雲母.

Translation영역

Abalone shell opposes mica.

Clinical note임상 주석

决 is the transcription's form for 決; the medicine is 石決明, which the glossary holds under that spelling. The same variant graph produces 草决明 for 草決明 elsewhere in this volume, so a lookup on 决 will miss both unless the fold is added. Ten single oppositions follow, one line each, and each names exactly two medicines.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.6

Source원문

硫黃反朴硝.

Translation영역

Sulphur opposes crude mirabilite.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.7

Source원문

烏頭反犀角.

Translation영역

Aconite opposes rhinoceros horn.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.8

Source원문

人參反五靈脂.

Translation영역

Ginseng opposes flying squirrel droppings.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.9

Source원문

水銀反砒礵.

Translation영역

Mercury opposes arsenic trioxide.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.10

Source원문

巴豆反牽牛.

Translation영역

Croton seed opposes morning glory seed.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.11

Source원문

丁香反欝金.

Translation영역

Clove opposes Curcuma tuber.

Clinical note임상 주석

欝 is the transcription's form for 鬱; the medicine is 鬱金.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.12

Source원문

牙硝反三稜.

Translation영역

Mirabilite opposes Sparganium.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.13

Source원문

官桂反石脂.

Translation영역

Cinnamon opposes halloysite.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.14

Source원문

狼毒怕密陁僧.

Translation영역

Fischer euphorbia root fears litharge.

Clinical note임상 주석

怕 — fears — not 反, and it is the only entry in the section with this verb. Fear is one-sided like 相惡 and not mutual like 相反, so this pair may be of the weaker kind despite standing in this list. 密陁僧 is the transcription's writing of 密陀僧, litharge.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.15

Source원문

醋不可與蛤肉同食, 相反.

Translation영역

Vinegar must not be eaten together with clam flesh; they are in opposition.

Clinical note임상 주석

From here the list turns from medicines to foods, and the oppositions are between things people eat together by accident rather than things a physician would combine on purpose.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.16

Source원문

猬皮與桔梗ㆍ麥門冬相惡.

Translation영역

Hedgehog skin and Platycodon and Liriope dislike each other.

Clinical note임상 주석

相惡, not 相反 — the weaker relation the opening passage was at pains to distinguish — and the Bogam leaves it standing in a section headed 相反藥. 猬皮 is the transcription's writing of 蝟皮.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.17

Source원문

牛乳與酸物ㆍ生魚相反, 令人腹中結癖.

Translation영역

Cow's milk is in opposition to sour things and to raw fish, and makes an aggregation bind in the abdomen.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.18

Source원문

藜蘆反酒.

Translation영역

Black false hellebore opposes wine.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.19

Source원문

葱與蜜相反, 食之殺人. 一云燒葱和蜜食, 則促人氣必殺人.

Translation영역

Scallion and honey are in opposition, and eating them kills. One account says that roasted scallion mixed with honey, eaten, hurries a person's qi and will surely kill.

Clinical note임상 주석

1.23 recorded the same pair as a mere 忌 — honey avoids scallion and lettuce. Here it kills. Where two sections of the same chapter disagree on the severity of one pair, the stronger statement is the one to act on.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.20

Source원문

韭不可與蜜同食, 相反.

Translation영역

Chinese chive must not be eaten together with honey; they are in opposition.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.25.21

Source원문

黃顙魚反荊芥, 同食卽殺人. 卽鮎魚之類也. 《本草入門》

Translation영역

The yellow catfish opposes Schizonepeta, and eaten together they kill at once. It is of the sheatfish kind.

Clinical note임상 주석

黃顙魚 is the yellow catfish, Tachysurus fulvidraco, and the closing gloss places it with the 鮎魚, the sheatfish or Amur catfish — that is, the entry covers the catfishes generally and not one species. Neither fish is in the project glossary.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.26 Medicines that Must Not Meet Fire 不見火藥

1.26.1

Source원문

桑寄生勿令見火.

Translation영역

Mulberry mistletoe must not be let to meet fire.

Clinical note임상 주석

The shortest section of the 序例 and the counterpart of 1.24: there the danger was the vessel, here it is the heat. Mulberry mistletoe appears in both lists, avoiding iron at 1.24 and fire here.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.26.2

Source원문

檳榔勿經火, 恐無力. 若熟使, 不如不用.

Translation영역

Areca seed must not pass through fire, for fear it loses its force. If it is used cooked, better not to use it at all.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.26.3

Source원문

茵蔯勿令見火.

Translation영역

Capillaris must not be let to meet fire.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.26.4

Source원문

蛇含草勿犯火.

Translation영역

Snake-holding herb must not touch fire.

Clinical note임상 주석

蛇含草 is not in the project glossary and is read as Potentilla kleiniana, which is its standard identification; the name is also written 蛇含 and 蛇含石 is a different thing entirely, a mineral, so the 草 matters.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.26.5

Source원문

丁香不見火. 一云諸香並勿見火. 《本草入門》

Translation영역

Clove does not meet fire. One account says that no aromatic at all should meet fire.

Clinical note임상 주석

The last clause generalizes the section: four named medicines, and then a rule for a whole class. It is the reason aromatics are added at the end of a decoction rather than boiled with it, which 1.11 煮藥法 sets out as method.

Boncho 本草 · Immun 入門

1.27 The Method of Steeping Medicines in Wine 漬藥酒法

1.27.1

Source원문

凡漬藥酒, 皆須細切, 生絹袋盛之, 乃入酒密封. 經春五ㆍ夏三ㆍ秋七ㆍ冬十日, 視其濃烈, 便可漉出, 取淸服之. 滓可暴燥爲麄末, 更漬飮之. 《本草》

Translation영역

Whenever medicine is steeped in wine, it must all be cut fine and put into a bag of raw silk, and then set in the wine and tightly sealed. Let it stand five days in spring, three in summer, seven in autumn and ten in winter; when it looks thick and strong it may be strained out, and the clear part taken and drunk. The dregs may be dried in the sun, made into a coarse powder, and steeped again and drunk.

Clinical note임상 주석

Five, three, seven, ten — the numbers are the text and are printed as the text has them. Summer is the shortest steep and winter the longest, which follows from the heat; spring at five and autumn at seven are not symmetrical and the text does not explain why. The dregs are steeped a second time, so nothing is thrown away, and this is the one preparation in the 序例 that yields two medicines from one charge.

Boncho 本草

1.27.2

Source원문

一甁酒浸麄末藥三兩爲正. 《俗方》

Translation영역

Three nyang of coarsely powdered medicine steeped in one bottle of wine is the correct measure.

Clinical note임상 주석

The one ratio given, and it is the Bogam's own 俗方 rather than a Chinese source. 一甁 is not a defined measure anywhere in the chapter and 三兩 is the weight of 1.10 斤兩升斗; no modern equivalent is supplied, because the value of a nyang and the size of a bottle both turn on the edition and the period and cannot be fixed from this text.

Sokbang 俗方

About this translation 凡例

Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Decoctions and Medicinals, Volume 1, Preface on Decoctions. The Chinese text follows the Kyujanggak transcription; where the first printing (初刊本) reads differently the transcription's reading is printed and the variant recorded in a textual note. Original character forms (术, 𥂁, 隂) are retained. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.