Source원문
齒者骨之餘, 腎主營養, 呼吸之門戶也. 《得效》
Translation영역
The teeth are the surplus of the bone; the kidney governs their nourishing, and they are the gateway of breathing.
Deukhyo 得效
Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑
The Teeth
Ahchi
한글 아치 · Pinyin Ya Chi
The bone's surplus and the stomach's ground — which drink a toothache dreads, the seven causes of pain, the worm that was never there, and the salt rinse that works
牙齒
The tooth is the surplus of the bone and the kidney governs it; but the gums are the stomach's and the large intestine's ground, and the chapter's practical half follows from that second claim. The upper gum belongs to the stomach channel and the lower to the large intestine, and since the stomach hates heat while the large intestine hates cold, an upper toothache dreads hot drink and a lower one dreads cold. Two sips of water tell you which. Then seven causes with their signs: wind heat swells and stinks, wind cold loosens without swelling, heat ulcerates, cold aches without ulceration, phlegm comes with cough, static blood bores and stabs, and worm decay leaves a hole. The treatments run in pairs — one formula swallowed and another rinsed with — and the chapter is unusually attentive to how a powder is got to the tooth: rubbed on after a warm rinse, packed into the cavity, smoked in through a brush-handle, blown up the nose, or plugged in the ear on the far side. The worm is a mistake and the chapter's most dangerous formulas are built on it, arsenic among them. But its last sections are sound: rinse after every meal, rinse with strong tea to take the meat off the teeth, scale off the hard yellow deposit at the neck of the tooth with a blade, and clench the teeth together a hundred times each morning. One man is said to have ground his teeth from middle age and lived to a hundred and twenty.
4.1 The Teeth Are the Surplus of the Bone 齒者骨之餘
Source원문
齒者骨之所終, 髓之所養, 腎實主之. 故經云, 腎衰則齒豁, 精盛則齒堅, 虛熱則齒動. 《直指》
Translation영역
The teeth are where the bone ends and what the marrow nourishes, and the kidney truly governs them. So the classic says: where the kidney declines the teeth gape, where the essence is exuberant the teeth are firm, and where there is vacuity heat the teeth loosen.
Clinical note임상 주석
腎衰則齒豁 — when the kidney declines the teeth gape. Gaps opening between the teeth as the gum recedes, which is what age does to a mouth, and the tradition reads it as the kidney failing behind them.
Jikji 直指
Source원문
牙齒骨屬腎之標也. 《入門》
Translation영역
The teeth are bone, and the tip of what belongs to the kidney.
Immun 入門
4.2 Upper and Lower Gums Belong to the Hand and Foot Yang Brightness 上下齗屬手足陽明
Source원문
牙齒是手足陽明脉之所過. 上齗隷於坤土, 乃足陽明胃之所貫絡也, 止而不動; 下齗嚼物動而不休, 手陽明大腸之脉所貫絡也. 《東垣》
Translation영역
The teeth are where the hand and foot yang brightness channels pass. The upper gum is subject to the earth of the Kun trigram, threaded and netted by the foot yang brightness stomach channel, and it is still and does not move; the lower gum chews the food and moves without rest, and is threaded and netted by the hand yang brightness large intestine channel.
Clinical note임상 주석
The upper jaw is fixed and the lower moves — an observation anyone can make, used to assign each gum to a different channel. Everything in 4.3 follows from it.
Dongwon 東垣
4.3 Tooth Disease Dreads Cold or Dreads Heat 齒病惡寒惡熱
Source원문
靈樞曰, 胃惡熱而喜淸冷, 大腸惡淸冷而喜熱.
Translation영역
The Lingshu says: the stomach hates heat and likes what is clear and cold; the large intestine hates what is clear and cold and likes heat.
Yeongchu 靈樞
Source원문
足陽明胃絡脉入齒上縫, 其病喜寒飮而惡熱飮; 手陽明大腸絡脉入齒下縫, 其病喜熱飮而惡寒飮. 《入門》
Translation영역
The foot yang brightness stomach's network vessel enters at the upper seam of the teeth, and in its disease cold drink is liked and hot drink dreaded; the hand yang brightness large intestine's network vessel enters at the lower seam, and in its disease hot drink is liked and cold dreaded.
Immun 入門
Source원문
熱牙痛怕冷水, 冷牙疼怕熱水, 不怕冷熱乃風牙痛. 《入門》
Translation영역
A hot toothache dreads cold water; a cold toothache dreads hot water; one that dreads neither cold nor hot is a wind toothache.
Clinical note임상 주석
The chapter's best piece of bedside method, and it costs two mouthfuls of water. A tooth that answers to heat and not cold, or the reverse, does tell you something — and the third case, indifferent to both, is the one the chapter calls wind.
Immun 入門
Source원문
胃有實熱, 上齒痛尤甚, 宜凉膈散方見火門大黃酒蒸爲君, 加知母ㆍ石膏ㆍ升麻爲佐, 煎水頻頻含嚥卽愈. 《東垣》
Translation영역
Where the stomach has repletion heat the upper teeth pain especially: Cool the Diaphragm Powder formula in the Fire chapter with wine-steamed rhubarb as sovereign and anemarrhena, gypsum and cimicifuga added as assistants, decocted and held in the mouth and swallowed often, and it heals.
Dongwon 東垣
Translation영역
Pain of the upper teeth also belongs to vacuity heat of the foot lesser yin kidney channel: Asarum Decoction is appropriate. Pain of the lower teeth belongs to vacuity heat with wind in the hand yang brightness: Angelica Dahurica Decoction is appropriate.
Uigam 醫鑑
Source원문
微惡寒飮, 大惡熱飮, 宜立效散. 《東垣》
Translation영역
Where there is slight aversion to cold drink and strong aversion to hot, Immediate Effect Powder is appropriate.
Dongwon 東垣
4.4 The Flourishing and Decline of the Teeth 牙齒盛衰
Source원문
內經曰, 女子七歲腎氣盛, 齒更髮長; 三七腎氣平均, 故眞牙生而長極. 丈夫八歲腎氣實, 髮長齒更; 三八腎氣平均, 故眞牙生而長極; 五八腎氣衰, 髮墮齒枯; 八八則齒髮去, 去謂落也.
Translation영역
The Neijing says: in a girl at seven the kidney qi is exuberant, the teeth change and the hair grows; at three sevens the kidney qi is evenly balanced, so the true tooth comes and growth reaches its limit. In a man at eight the kidney qi is replete, the hair grows and the teeth change; at three eights the kidney qi is evenly balanced, so the true tooth comes and growth reaches its limit; at five eights the kidney qi declines, the hair falls and the teeth wither; at eight eights the teeth and hair go — go meaning fall out.
Clinical note임상 주석
眞牙 — the true tooth, the third molar, which the Suwen puts at twenty-one for a woman and twenty-four for a man. Wisdom teeth do erupt in the late teens to mid-twenties, and the Suwen makes that the marker of full growth.
Naegyeong 內經
Source원문
兒生八月, 板齒始生. 眞牙謂牙床窮處最後生者也. 《類聚》
Translation영역
At eight months a child's front teeth first come. The true tooth means the one that comes last, at the far end of the tooth bed.
Yuchwi 類聚
4.5 The Names of the Teeth 牙齒異名
Source원문
口前兩大齒謂之板齒, 其兩傍長者謂之牙, 通謂之齒. 其牙齒之根謂之齗, 亦曰牙床. 《類聚》
Translation영역
The two large teeth at the front of the mouth are called the board teeth; the long ones at either side of them are called 牙; together they are called 齒. The root of the teeth is called the gum, also the tooth bed.
Yuchwi 類聚
4.6 The Pulse 脉法
Source원문
右關脉洪數, 或弦而洪, 腸胃中有風熱牙痛. 尺脉洪大而虛者, 腎虛, 主齒動疎豁, 相火上炎而痛. 《醫鑑》
Translation영역
Where the right bar pulse is surging and rapid, or stringlike and surging, there is wind heat in the intestines and stomach with toothache. Where the cubit pulse is surging and large but empty, it is kidney vacuity, governing teeth loose and gaping with the ministerial fire flaming upward and paining.
Uigam 醫鑑
Source원문
齒痛腎虛, 尺濡而大; 火炎尺洪, 疎搖豁壞. 右寸關數或洪而弦, 此屬腸胃風熱多涎. 《回春》
Translation영역
In toothache from kidney vacuity the cubit is soggy and large; where fire flames the cubit is surging, and the teeth are gaping, loose and decaying. Where the right inch and bar are rapid, or surging and stringlike, it belongs to wind heat of the intestines and stomach with much drool.
Hoechun 回春
4.7 Toothache Has Seven Causes 牙齒痛有七
Source원문
牙齒之痛, 因胃中濕熱上出於牙齗之間, 適被風寒或飮冷所鬱, 則濕熱不得外達, 故作痛也. 寒是標, 故外用辛溫擦漱之藥; 熱是本, 故內服辛凉散熱之劑. 《丹心》
Translation영역
Toothache comes of damp heat in the stomach rising out between the gums, and being just then met by wind cold or a cold drink and so pent in, the damp heat cannot get out, and hence there is pain. The cold is the branch, so outwardly acrid warm medicines are used to rub with and rinse with; the heat is the root, so inwardly acrid cooling preparations are taken to scatter it.
Clinical note임상 주석
寒是標, 熱是本 — the cold is the branch and the heat the root. It explains the chapter's odd-looking habit of rubbing a hot toothache with pepper while cooling it from inside, and Chaa-bang at 4.20 repeats the reasoning.
Dansim 丹心
Source원문
通用擦牙方ㆍ謝傅笑去散方見下.
Translation영역
For general use, the Tooth-Rubbing Formula and Master Xie's Laughter-Bringing Powder formulas below.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
Source원문
手陽明之支脉入齒, 壅則齒浮, 虛則宣露, 挾風則上攻頭面, 疳䘌則變成齲脫. 《直指》
Translation영역
A branch of the hand yang brightness enters the teeth: congested, the teeth feel floating; vacuous, the gums draw back and bare them; with wind, it attacks upward into head and face; with gan erosion, it turns into decay and loss.
Jikji 直指
Source원문
齒病有開口呷風則痛甚者, 胃中有風邪也; 有開口則臭穢不可近者, 腸胃中有積熱也; 有齒根腫而痛者, 胃熱也; 有痛而動搖者, 腎元虛也; 有孔而痛者, 蟲蝕也. 《醫鑑》
Translation영역
In tooth disease, where opening the mouth and drawing in air makes the pain severe, there is a wind evil in the stomach; where on opening the mouth the stench is such that none can come near, there is accumulated heat in the intestines and stomach; where the tooth root is swollen and painful, it is stomach heat; where it pains and is loose, the kidney's origin is vacuous; where there is a hole and it pains, it is worm decay.
Clinical note임상 주석
Five signs and five causes, each of which a patient reports unprompted. The one about the hole is the tradition's caries — right about the hole, wrong about the worm, and 4.9's formulas are built on the wrong half.
Uigam 醫鑑
Source원문
呷風痛甚, 開口臭穢, 俱宜當歸連翹飮. 《回春》
Translation영역
For severe pain from one-sided wind and for a foul stench on opening the mouth, Angelica and Forsythia Drink is appropriate for both.
Hoechun 回春
Source원문
寒者堅牢而痛, 熱甚則齒動齒齗袒脫, 作痛不已. 《東垣》 得淸凉痛甚者爲寒, 口吸凉風痛止者爲熱. 《綱目》
Translation영역
In cold the teeth are firm and yet pain; where heat is severe the teeth loosen and the gums fall away, and the pain does not stop. Where cool things make the pain worse it is cold; where drawing in cool air by the mouth stops the pain it is heat.
Dongwon 東垣 · Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
齒痛有風熱ㆍ風冷ㆍ熱痛ㆍ寒痛ㆍ毒痰ㆍ瘀血ㆍ蟲蝕.
Translation영역
Toothache has wind heat, wind cold, heat pain, cold pain, toxic phlegm, static blood and worm decay.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.7.1 Wind Heat Pain 風熱痛
Translation영역
In wind heat an outer wind strikes against inner heat, the gums are swollen and painful and the pus stinks: Rhinoceros Horn and Cimicifuga Decoction formula in the Face chapter is appropriate, with Schizonepeta Decoction held in the mouth and rinsed with as well.
Immun 入門
4.7.2 Wind Cold Pain 風冷痛
Translation영역
In wind cold the gum is neither swollen nor decayed and the tooth loosens a little more each day: Warm the Wind Powder is appropriate, with Open the Laugh Powder held in the mouth and rinsed with as well.
Immun 入門
4.7.3 Heat Pain 熱痛
Source원문
熱痛者, 腸胃積熱, 齒齗腫爛, 口氣臭穢, 宜凉膈散方見火門加知母ㆍ石膏ㆍ升麻爲佐, 酒蒸大黃爲君, 噙嚥卽愈. 《東垣》
Translation영역
In heat pain there is accumulated heat in the intestines and stomach, the gums swollen and ulcerated and the breath foul: Cool the Diaphragm Powder formula in the Fire chapter with anemarrhena, gypsum and cimicifuga added as assistants and wine-steamed rhubarb as sovereign, swallowed at night, and it heals.
Dongwon 東垣
Source원문
如濕熱被風冷鬱而作痛, 宜當歸龍膽散. 《入門》
Translation영역
Where damp heat is pent in by wind cold and makes pain, Angelica and Gentian Powder is appropriate.
Immun 入門
Source원문
久年齒痛黑爛脫落, 必吸凉稍止, 乃膏粱濕熱之火, 調胃承氣湯方見寒門加黃連下之. 《入門》
Translation영역
Where a toothache of many years has the teeth blackened, decayed and falling out, and drawing in cool air eases it a little, it is the fire of damp heat from rich food: Regulate the Stomach and Order the Qi Decoction formula in the Cold Damage chapter with coptis added, to purge it.
Immun 入門
Translation영역
For stomach heat toothache that likes cold and dreads heat: Clear the Stomach Powder, Drain the Stomach Decoction and Enrich the Yin and Clear the Stomach Pill.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
Translation영역
A woman suffered toothache most bitterly, and had to ride out on horseback, for drawing in the cool wind stopped the pain, and on reaching home it came again. This was damp heat of the yang brightness at its height: Regulate the Stomach and Order the Qi Decoction with coptis added purged her three to five times, and Spirit Demon Powder rubbed on the teeth outwardly, and she was healed.
Clinical note임상 주석
A woman riding out into the wind to stop her toothache. 4.7.6's rule is what the case turns on — cool air easing it makes it heat — and the history alone settles the treatment.
Dongwon 東垣
Source원문
酒客牙疼, 以冷水頻含漱. 《入門》
Translation영역
For a drinker's toothache, hold cold water in the mouth and rinse often.
Immun 入門
4.7.4 Cold Pain 寒痛
Translation영역
Where a visiting cold offends the brain and the head and teeth ache together: Notopterygium and Aconite Decoction formula in the Head chapter, Scorpion Tail Powder and Asarum Powder.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
Source원문
冷證齒痛, 宜香椒散方見下.
Translation영역
For a cold pattern toothache, Cyperus and Pepper Powder formula below is appropriate.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
Source원문
寒熱皆痛者爲寒熱痛, 宜當歸龍膽散. 《東垣》 此證與厥逆頭痛同, 當參看.
Translation영역
Where both cold and heat cause pain it is a cold-heat pain: Angelica and Gentian Powder is appropriate. This pattern is the same as reversal headache, and should be read together with it.
Dongwon 東垣
4.7.5 Toxic Phlegm Pain 毒痰痛
Source원문
熱則生痰, 毒氣上攻, 灌注經絡, 最能發痛, 外證痰盛咳唾. 《直指》
Translation영역
Where there is heat, phlegm is engendered; the toxic qi attacks upward and pours into the channels and networks, and is most able to raise pain. The outward sign is much phlegm with coughing and spitting.
Jikji 直指
Source원문
宜二陳湯方見痰飮加細辛ㆍ枳殼ㆍ生薑ㆍ大棗ㆍ烏梅煎服, 仍以薑黃ㆍ蓽撥 等分煎湯, 候溫以舌浸湯內, 涎自流出, 效. 《直指》
Translation영역
Two Matured Ingredients Decoction formula in the Phlegm chapter with asarum, bitter orange, fresh ginger, jujube and mume added, decocted and taken; and decoct turmeric and long pepper in equal parts, let it cool to warm and soak the tongue in it, and the drool flows out of itself — effective.
Clinical note임상 주석
以舌浸湯內 — soak the tongue in the liquid. An odd instruction and a workable one: holding a warm bitter decoction in the mouth does make the salivary glands run, which is the drooling the Jikji takes as the sign it is working.
Jikji 直指
4.7.6 Static Blood Pain 瘀血痛
Source원문
風熱挾攻齗間, 令血出瘀滯不消, 掣痛鑽刺, 宜犀角地黃湯方見血門, 或加減甘露飮方見口門加升麻. 《入門》
Translation영역
Where wind and heat attack together between the gums so that blood comes out and stagnates and does not disperse, drawing a boring, stabbing pain: Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction formula in the Blood chapter, or Modified Sweet Dew Drink formula in the Mouth chapter with cimicifuga added.
Immun 入門
Source원문
取五靈脂醋煎汁含嚥, 卽效. 《得效》
Translation영역
Take flying-squirrel droppings decocted in vinegar, hold the liquid in the mouth and swallow it — immediately effective.
Deukhyo 得效
Source원문
齒痛齲數年不愈, 當作陽明畜血治之. 桃仁承氣湯方見寒門細末蜜丸梧子大服之. 好飮過多者多得此疾, 屢服有效. 《海藏》
Translation영역
Where a toothache with decay goes some years without healing, it should be treated as blood amassment of the yang brightness. Peach Kernel Order the Qi Decoction formula in the Cold Damage chapter powdered finely and made into honey pills the size of a firmiana seed, and taken. Those who drink heavily mostly get this disease, and repeated doses are effective.
Haejang 海藏
4.7.7 Worm Decay Pain 蟲蝕痛
Source원문
凡人飮食不能潔齒, 腐臭之氣淹漬日久, 齒齗有孔, 蟲蝕其間. 蝕一齒盡, 又度其餘, 至如疳䘌皆其種類, 必殺蟲而後痛止. 《直指》
Translation영역
Where a person eats and drinks and cannot keep the teeth clean, the rotting and stinking qi steeps them day after day, and a hole appears in the gum and tooth with a worm eating within it. When it has eaten one tooth through it passes to the rest, and gan erosion and such are all of the same kind; the worm must be killed before the pain will stop.
Clinical note임상 주석
飮食不能潔齒 — not being able to keep the teeth clean after eating. The Jikji has the cause exactly right and then invents a worm to carry it. Caries does spread from tooth to tooth, and the chapter's own answer at 4.22 — rinse after every meal — is the one that works.
Jikji 直指
Source원문
齒病變成骨槽風, 出血骨露者, 宜玉池散. 《入門》
Translation영역
Where tooth disease turns into bone-trough wind with bleeding and the bone laid bare, Jade Pool Powder is appropriate.
Immun 入門
Source원문
齲者, 齒蠹也, 謂齒蟲蝕而痛也. 《本事》
Translation영역
齲 is the tooth-bore 齒蠹 — that is, the tooth eaten by a worm and paining.
Bonsa 本事
Translation영역
For worm pain: One Laugh Powder, Pepper and Salt Powder, Hornet's Nest Powder and Settle the Pain Powder, together with the method for drawing out the tooth worm.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.8 Loose Teeth 牙齒動搖
Source원문
齒齗宣露動搖者, 腎元虛也, 宜八味丸方見虛勞滋陰補腎. 《入門》
Translation영역
Where the gums draw back and bare the teeth and they loosen, the kidney's origin is vacuous: Eight Ingredients Pill formula in the Vacuity Taxation chapter to enrich the yin and supplement the kidney.
Immun 入門
Source원문
牙齒宣露動搖, 宜白牙散ㆍ香鹽散漱擦方見入門. 齒根動搖, 宜服還少丹方見前陰ㆍ獨活散.
Translation영역
For the gums drawn back and the teeth loose, White Tooth Powder and Fragrant Salt Powder to rinse and rub with formulas in the Immun. For loose tooth roots, Return to Youth Elixir formula in the Genitals chapter and Pubescent Angelica Powder.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
Source원문
固齒, 羊脛骨灰 二錢, 當歸ㆍ白芷ㆍ猪牙皂角ㆍ靑鹽 各一錢, 爲末擦牙上. 《得效》
Translation영역
To secure the teeth: sheep's shin-bone ash 2 don, with angelica, angelica dahurica, gleditsia and blue salt 1 don each, powdered and rubbed on the teeth.
Deukhyo 得效
4.8.1 Teeth Falling Out 牙齒脫落
Translation영역
Where the tooth bed is swollen and painful and the teeth loose, blackened, decayed and falling out: Clear the Stomach Decoction, Divine Merit Pill and Notopterygium Powder, with Secure the Teeth Powder and Jade Pool Powder both formulas below used as well.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.9 Formulas That Stop Toothache by Plugging the Ear or Nose 塞耳鼻止牙痛方
Translation영역
Realgar Settle the Pain Paste, Kill the Worm Pill, the Ear-Plugging Medicine, Weeping Comes and Laughter Goes Powder, and the Toothache Formula are appropriate.
Clinical note임상 주석
Five formulas that treat a tooth from the ear or the nose. Two of them contain arsenic or realgar put into the ear canal overnight, and they must not be prepared; the section is kept here as a record of what the text says.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.10 Methods for Drawing Out and Killing the Tooth Worm 出牙蟲殺蟲法
Source원문
治蛀牙, 小瓦片上置油拌韭子, 燒烟, 閣在水椀上, 恰用漏斗覆之, 以蛀牙受漏斗口中烟, 其牙內蟲如鍼者皆落水椀中, 累效. 《綱目》
Translation영역
To treat a decayed tooth: set leek seed mixed with oil on a small tile, burn it to smoke, place it over a bowl of water, cover it with a funnel, and let the decayed tooth take the smoke at the funnel's mouth; the worms within the tooth, like needles, all fall into the bowl of water — effective time and again.
Clinical note임상 주석
其牙內蟲如鍼者 — worms like needles. Scorched leek-seed husks and oil droplets in a bowl of water look exactly like small pale slivers, and 4.10 records four methods that end the same way. It is the clearest case in the book of a technique that produced its own evidence.
Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
治蟲牙痛, 韭菜頭連根洗淨, 擂爛, 同人家檞板上泥和勻, 搽痛處腮上, 用紙貼之, 一時頃取出, 細細蟲在泥上, 出可以絶根. 《得效》
Translation영역
To treat a worm toothache: wash leek heads with the roots clean, pound them soft, mix evenly with mud from an old board of the house, spread it on the cheek over the painful place and stick paper over it; after about an hour take it off, and fine worms are on the mud, and their coming out can cut off the root of it.
Deukhyo 得效
Source원문
治積年蟲齒, 雀麥草以苦瓠葉三十枚洗, 露一宿. 平朝取草屈長二寸ㆍ廣一寸ㆍ厚五分, 以瓠葉裹, 縛作裹子, 取醋浸之, 至日中取兩裹炮令極熱, 貼口內齒外熨之, 冷則易. 取銅器盛水解裹洗之, 得蟲多至三四十, 少則一二十枚, 老者黃赤色, 少者白色. 《千金》
Translation영역
To treat worm-eaten teeth of years' standing: wash wild oat grass with thirty bitter-gourd leaves and leave them out in the dew a night. At dawn take the grass folded to two chon long, one chon wide and five pun thick, wrap it in the gourd leaves and bind it into a packet; steep it in vinegar, and at noon take two packets, roast them very hot and apply them inside the mouth against the teeth, ironing with them and changing them as they cool. Then set a bronze vessel of water, undo the packets and wash them in it: as many as thirty or forty worms are got, or at least ten or twenty — the old ones yellow-red, the young ones white.
Cheongeum 千金
Source원문
又方, 莨菪子 三合, 盛甁內, 將靑銅錢七文燒令赤, 投甁中, 候莨菪子作聲有烟出, 以筆管引烟氣熏於痛齒, 蟲出痛卽止. 無莨菪則用葱子ㆍ韭子亦可出蟲. 《千金》
Translation영역
Another method: put three hop of henbane seed in a jar, heat seven bronze coins red and throw them in; when the seeds crackle and smoke rises, lead the smoke through a brush-tube to the painful tooth, and the worm comes out and the pain stops. If there is no henbane, scallion seed or leek seed will also bring the worm out.
Clinical note임상 주석
Henbane seed contains hyoscyamine and scopolamine, and its smoke was used against toothache across Eurasia for centuries — one of the few things in this section that would have dulled the pain.
Cheongeum 千金
4.11 Gan Erosion Sores of the Teeth 牙齒疳䘌瘡
Translation영역
Dragon's Blood Powder, Divine Merit Pill formula above, Musk Powder, Jade Pool Powder formula below and the Medicine for Treating Tooth Gan are appropriate.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
Source원문
天疱瘡後牙疳, 詳見瘡類.
Translation영역
For tooth gan following pox sores, see in full under the Sores class.
Clinical note임상 주석
天疱瘡 is the Bogam's name for the pox, and the cross-reference is to 諸瘡. A destructive ulceration of the gums following it is the oral lesion of secondary syphilis, which is why the chapter sends the reader out rather than treating it here.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.12 Teeth Yellow and Black 齒黃黑
Source원문
牙齒黃黑不瑩淨. 石膏細末ㆍ砂鍋細末 各一兩, 零陵香ㆍ白芷ㆍ靑鹽ㆍ升麻 各二錢半, 細辛 一錢, 麝香 半錢. 右爲細末, 每早晨取少許擦齒上, 溫水漱口吐出. 名白牙藥. 《丹心》
Translation영역
Where the teeth are yellow and black and not bright and clean: finely powdered gypsum and finely powdered sand-pot earthenware 1 nyang each; spikenard grass, angelica dahurica, blue salt and cimicifuga 2 don 5 pun each; asarum 1 don; musk 5 pun. Powder finely, and each morning take a little, rub it on the teeth, rinse with warm water and spit out. It is named the White Tooth Medicine.
Clinical note임상 주석
Gypsum and ground potsherd — a mild abrasive with aromatics in it, used once each morning. That is a tooth powder, and the recipe would not be out of place in a nineteenth-century pharmacopoeia.
Dansim 丹心
4.13 The Method for Dispersing Gum Overgrowth 消齒壅法
Source원문
齗間努肉漸長, 此乃齒壅. 取生地黃汁一鍾, 皂角數片火上灸熱, 淬地黃汁內, 再灸又淬, 以汁盡爲度, 曬爲末傅之, 卽縮. 《入門》
Translation영역
Where proud flesh between the gums grows by degrees, this is gum overgrowth. Take a cup of fresh rehmannia juice; roast several slices of gleditsia hot and quench them in the juice, roast and quench again until the juice is used up; dry them in the sun, powder and apply, and it shrinks at once.
Immun 入門
Source원문
一婦人平日好食動風物, 尤嗜蟹, 一日齒間壅出肉漸大, 不能開口. 有一道人傅此方卽愈. 或朴硝爲末付之亦消. 《集驗》
Translation영역
A woman who was fond of wind-stirring foods and especially liked crab found one day that flesh welled up between her teeth and grew until she could not open her mouth. A Daoist applied this formula and she was healed at once; powdered mirabilite applied also disperses it.
Clinical note임상 주석
Gingival hyperplasia growing until the mouth will not open. The Flesh chapter's 8.11 treats the same proud flesh elsewhere on the body, and by the same means: something caustic laid on it.
Jibheom 集驗
4.14 Teeth Growing Longer by Degrees 牙齒漸長
Source원문
牙齒逐日漸長, 開口難爲飮食. 盖髓液溢所致, 只服白朮末和水服, 及煮水灌漱自愈. 《得效》
Translation영역
Where the teeth grow a little longer each day so that opening the mouth to eat and drink is hard: it comes of the marrow's fluid overflowing. Simply take powdered white atractylodes mixed with water, and also boil it and rinse the mouth with the liquid, and it heals of itself.
Clinical note임상 주석
Teeth that seem to grow longer are teeth whose gums are receding, and the appearance is exactly of lengthening. The chapter has a section for it, which suggests patients described it that way then too.
Deukhyo 得效
4.15 Teeth Struck Loose 鬪齒
Source원문
牙齒被傷打欲落. 點椒 五錢, 天靈盖ㆍ紅內消ㆍ白芷 各二錢. 右爲末, 齒動糝上卽安. 或已落有血絲未斷者, 亦可糝藥齒齗間鬪之. 《入門》
Translation영역
Where the teeth have been struck and are about to fall out: Sichuan pepper 5 don; human skull, red neixiao and angelica dahurica 2 don each. Powder them, and where a tooth is loose apply it and the tooth settles. Where one has already come out but a thread of blood is not yet severed, the medicine may likewise be applied and the tooth set back between the gums.
Clinical note임상 주석
已落有血絲未斷者 — one already out but with a thread of blood not yet broken, put back between the gums. Replanting an avulsed tooth is still done, and still depends on getting it back fast; the chapter is right that the attachment is what matters.
Immun 入門
Source원문
治打傷搖動牙齒, 蒺藜根燒灰貼動牙, 卽牢. 名蒺藜散. 《瑞竹》
Translation영역
To treat teeth loosened by a blow: burn caltrop root to ash and apply it to the loose tooth, and it becomes firm. It is named Caltrop Powder.
Seojuk 瑞竹
4.16 Bleeding Gums 齒衄
Source원문
詳見血門.
Translation영역
Treated in detail in the Blood chapter.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.17 Grinding the Teeth 齘齒
Source원문
凡人睡中上下齒相磨切有聲, 謂之齘齒, 亦曰戞齒, 亦曰咬齒. 治法, 取患人臥席下塵一捻, 納口中, 勿令知, 卽差. 《類聚》
Translation영역
Where in sleep a man's upper and lower teeth grind against each other so that they make a sound, it is called 齘齒; it is also called 戞齒 and 咬齒. The method of treatment: take a pinch of the dust from under the patient's sleeping mat and put it in his mouth without letting him know, and he is cured.
Clinical note임상 주석
上下齒相磨切有聲 — bruxism, described exactly. The treatment is a charm, and 勿令知, not letting the patient know, is the whole of its mechanism; the Bogam records it without comment. Three names are given for the one sign, which is this chapter's habit.
Yuchwi 類聚
Source원문
傷寒熱病咬齒, 及小兒咬牙, 並見各門.
Translation영역
Grinding of the teeth in cold damage and heat disease, and grinding of the teeth in a child, are both treated in their own chapters.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.18 Formulas for Taking Out a Painful Tooth Without the Hand Touching It 去痛齒不犯手方
Source원문
取疼牙落不犯手. 川椒ㆍ細辛 各一兩, 草烏ㆍ蓽撥 各五錢. 右爲細末, 每少許揩痛齒, 自落. 《本草》
Translation영역
To take out an aching tooth without the hand touching it. Sichuan pepper and asarum 1 nyang each; aconite root and long pepper 5 don each. Powder finely, and rub a little on the painful tooth, and it falls out of itself.
Clinical note임상 주석
**Contains aconite root, which is toxic.** These are caustic and anaesthetic powders meant to loosen a tooth so it can be taken without forceps; the next two contain arsenic and must not be prepared.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
取蛀牙法. 硼砂ㆍ朱砂 各一錢, 硇砂 二錢, 川烏尖 七箇, 附子尖 十四箇, 蟾酥 七箇, 信砒 二錢. 右五月五日合爲末, 取少許揩牙上, 牙落. 後以防風ㆍ荊芥ㆍ甘草煎湯漱吐. 《本草》
Translation영역
The method for taking out a decayed tooth. Borax and cinnabar 1 don each; sal ammoniac 2 don; seven aconite root tips; fourteen aconite lateral root tips; seven pieces of toad venom; arsenic 2 don. Compound and powder them on the fifth day of the fifth month, rub a little on the tooth, and the tooth falls out. Afterwards rinse and spit with a decoction of saposhnikovia, schizonepeta and licorice.
Clinical note임상 주석
**Contains arsenic, cinnabar, aconite tips and toad venom — four lethal poisons in one powder, applied to the gum. This must not be prepared.** It is translated as a record of what the text says.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
落牙方. 馬肉剉 十兩, 信砒ㆍ巴豆肉 各五錢爲末. 右拌勻, 用石器盛, 候出蟲, 焙乾硏末, 於牙疼處出些血, 點上隨落, 妙. 《綱目》
Translation영역
A formula for making a tooth fall. Cut horse flesh 10 nyang; arsenic and croton kernel 5 don each, powdered. Mix evenly, keep in a stone vessel until worms appear, bake dry and grind to a powder; draw a little blood at the painful tooth and dab it on, and the tooth falls. — **Contains arsenic and croton; this must not be prepared.**
Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
取牙方. 龍肝乃墓中陳石灰也ㆍ鴈膽 一箇, 收龍肝納膽內, 陰乾爲末. 用時宜些少點牙根上卽落, 切忌墜入口中. 《種杏》
Translation영역
A formula for taking out a tooth. Dragon's liver that is, old lime from a grave and one wild goose's gallbladder: put the lime inside the gallbladder, dry it in the shade and powder it. In use, dab a very little on the tooth root and it falls out; take strict care that none falls into the mouth.
Jonghaeng 種杏
4.19 Formulas for Making a Lost Tooth Grow Again 落齒重生方
Source원문
雷公曰, 長齒生牙, 賴雄鼠之骨末. 牙齒若折, 年多不生, 取雄鼠脊骨作末揩折處, 齒立生如故. 《本草》
Translation영역
Lei Gong said: for lengthening the teeth and growing new ones, one relies on powdered male rat bone. Where a tooth has broken and has not grown back for years, take the spine of a male rat, powder it and rub it on the broken place, and the tooth grows at once as before.
Clinical note임상 주석
Rat bone in four of this section's five formulas — like-treats-like at its most literal, since a rodent's incisors grow throughout life. Nothing regrows a lost adult tooth, and the chapter's hundred-day courses left time for the claim to go untested.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
牙落重生方. 雄鼠一部取骨法取鼠剝去皮, 用硇砂擦上三日, 肉爛化盡, 取骨瓦上焙乾用, 香附子 一兩, 白芷ㆍ川芎ㆍ桑白皮ㆍ地骨皮ㆍ蒲公英ㆍ川椒ㆍ旱蓮草ㆍ靑鹽ㆍ川槿皮 各三錢. 右爲細末, 擦百日其牙復生, 良驗. 《醫鑑》
Translation영역
A formula for a fallen tooth to grow again. One male rat, its bones taken the method: skin the rat, rub sal ammoniac on it for three days until the flesh rots away entirely, then take the bone and bake it dry on a tile; cyperus 1 nyang; angelica dahurica, chuanxiong, mulberry root bark, lycium root bark, dandelion, Sichuan pepper, eclipta, blue salt and hibiscus bark 3 don each. Powder finely and rub on for a hundred days, and the tooth grows again — well proved.
Uigam 醫鑑
Source원문
又方, 取未開眼嫩老鼠三四箇, 外用白芨ㆍ白芷ㆍ靑鹽ㆍ細辛ㆍ當歸ㆍ熟地黃 各五錢. 先將五味硏爲末, 入地黃擣爛如泥, 和勻作一餠, 包老鼠在內, 外用濕紙包裹, 文武火燒盡烟絶, 取出硏爲末, 擦上卽生牙. 《醫鑑》
Translation영역
Another method: take three or four young rats whose eyes are not yet open; outside them, bletilla, angelica dahurica, blue salt, asarum, Korean angelica and prepared rehmannia, 5 don each. Powder the first five, add the rehmannia and pound to a mash, mix evenly and make a single cake, wrap the rats inside it, cover the outside with damp paper, and burn over a mild then strong fire until all the smoke is gone; take it out, grind to powder, and rub it on, and teeth grow.
Clinical note임상 주석
The third of the four methods in the section and the most elaborate, and all four rest on the same claim — that rat bone regrows teeth, which the Bencao's 雷公 opens the section with. Nothing regrows a lost adult tooth. The section is kept entire because it is the one place in the chapter where the Bogam records a belief it nowhere tests.
Uigam 醫鑑
Source원문
又方, 雄鷄糞ㆍ雌鷄糞 各十四顆, 右焙乾硏末, 入麝香少許. 先於齒不生處以鍼刺令血出, 糝藥. 老人二十日, 少者十日當出, 不拘傷損及自落者皆生. 《千金》
Translation영역
Another method: the droppings of a cock and of a hen, fourteen pieces each, baked dry and ground to a powder with a little musk added. First prick the place where the tooth does not grow with a needle until blood comes, then apply the medicine. In an old person it should come in twenty days, in a young one ten, whether the tooth was lost by injury or fell of itself.
Cheongeum 千金
Source원문
烏鷄雄雌糞各畜收之, 舊麻鞋底, 三物燒存性爲末, 入麝糝之, 一月生齒, 名雄雌散. 《千金》
Translation영역
Droppings of a black cock and of a black hen, each kept and collected, with the sole of an old hemp sandal — the three burnt with their nature preserved and powdered, musk added, and dusted on; in a month teeth grow. It is called Cock and Hen Powder.
Clinical note임상 주석
名雄雌散 — the one of the four that is given a name. The sandal sole burnt to charcoal is the carrier; what is dusted into the socket is ash and musk.
Cheongeum 千金
4.20 Teeth Set on Edge by Sour Food 食酸齒齼
Source원문
人多食酸則齒軟, 謂其水生木, 水氣弱木氣盛故如是. 《本草》
Translation영역
Where a man eats much sour his teeth go soft; it is said that water engenders wood, and because the water qi is weak and the wood qi exuberant it happens so.
Clinical note임상 주석
齒軟 — the teeth gone soft, which is the sensitivity and sense of looseness that follows acid. The five-phase account reads it as the kidney (water, which governs the teeth) being drained by the liver (wood, whose flavour is sour); the observation behind it, that acid damages teeth, is sound.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
齒齼, 細嚼胡桃肉解之. 《本草》
Translation영역
For teeth set on edge, chew walnut flesh fine and it resolves it.
Clinical note임상 주석
Walnut is oily and alkaline-tasting, and chewing it coats the teeth — which is as good an answer to acid sensitivity as the materia medica had.
Boncho 本草
4.21 Formulas for Smearing and Rubbing in Tooth Disease 齒病塗擦方
Translation영역
For toothache, Master Xie's Laughter-Bringing Powder, Cyperus and Pepper Powder, Behead the Demon Powder, Scorpion Tail Powder, Asarum Powder, Angelica and Gentian Powder, the Tooth-Rubbing Formula, the Tooth-Rubbing Pain-Stopping Formula, the Formula for Toothache of Kidney Vacuity with Stomach Heat, and Secure the Teeth Powder are appropriate.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.22 Formulas for Holding in the Mouth and Rinsing in Tooth Disease 齒病含漱方
Translation영역
Jade Pool Powder, Schizonepeta Decoction, Open the Laugh Powder, Pepper and Salt Powder, Hornet's Nest Powder and the Hold-and-Rinse Medicine for Toothache are appropriate.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
4.23 Cultivation Methods for Securing the Teeth 修養固齒法
Source원문
百物養生, 莫先口齒. 不漱不洗, 損蠹之媒. 凡暑毒酒毒常伏於口齒之間, 莫若時時洗漱之爲愈也. 晨興洗畢, 灌漱一口吐出掌中, 就掌滌眼, 自覺光明, 終身行之可爲妙法. 《直指》
Translation영역
Of all things in nourishing life, nothing comes before the mouth and teeth. Not rinsing and not washing is the go-between of damage and decay. Summerheat toxin and wine toxin lie always between the mouth and the teeth, and nothing is better than rinsing and washing them from time to time. On rising in the morning, when washing is done, take a mouthful of water, rinse and spit it into the palm and wash the eyes with it from the palm; one feels the sight grow clear, and to do it all one's life may be called a fine method.
Clinical note임상 주석
不漱不洗, 損蠹之媒 — not rinsing and not washing is what brings on decay. The Jikji states the cause of caries correctly and in one line, and the whole of 4.23 follows from it.
Jikji 直指
Source원문
齒宜朝暮叩, 以會神一云以集身神. 若卒遇凶惡, 當叩左齒三十六, 名曰打天鍾; 若辟邪穢, 叩右齒, 名曰槌天磬; 若存念至眞, 叩中央齒, 名曰鳴天鼓. 《養性》
Translation영역
The teeth should be clapped together morning and evening, to gather the spirit one version says to assemble the body's spirits. On suddenly meeting something evil, clap the left teeth thirty-six times, which is called striking the heavenly bell; to ward off foulness, clap the right teeth, called beating the heavenly chime; to hold the mind on the perfectly true, clap the middle teeth, called sounding the heavenly drum.
Yangseongseo 養性書
Source원문
凡人患齒不能食果菜者, 皆齒露也. 爲鹽湯含漱叩齒, 神效. 《類聚》 每晨起以一捻鹽納口中, 以溫水含揩齒及叩齒百遍, 爲之不絶, 不過五日, 齒卽牢密. 《千金》
Translation영역
Where a person's teeth suffer so that they cannot eat fruit or vegetables, it is always that the teeth are bared. Rinse with salt water and clap the teeth — divinely effective. Every morning on rising put a pinch of salt in the mouth, hold warm water in it, rub the teeth and clap them a hundred times; done without fail, in not more than five days the teeth are firm and close.
Clinical note임상 주석
A pinch of salt, warm water, and rubbing the teeth every morning. Of everything in this chapter this is the one with the plainest claim to work, and it is what the tradition offers in place of a toothbrush.
Yuchwi 類聚 · Cheongeum 千金
Source원문
凡飮食訖, 輒以濃茶漱口, 煩膩旣去而脾胃不知. 凡肉之在齒, 得茶漱滌, 不覺脫去而不煩挑剔也. 盖齒性便苦, 緣此漸堅牢, 而齒蠹且自去矣. 《延壽》 食畢漱口數過, 齒不蛀. 養生家晨興叩齒, 永無齒疾. 《延壽》
Translation영역
Whenever eating is done, rinse the mouth with strong tea: the cloying grease is gone and the spleen and stomach know nothing of it. Whatever meat is caught in the teeth, rinsed with tea, comes away unnoticed without the trouble of picking at it. For the teeth's nature suits bitterness, and by this they grow firm by degrees and the tooth decay goes of itself. Rinse the mouth several times after eating and the teeth do not decay; those who nourish life clap the teeth on rising and never have tooth disease.
Yeonsu 延壽書
Source원문
附齒有黃黑色物似爛骨之狀者, 名爲齒牀. 治齒者先看有此物, 卽用疳刀掠去之, 否則齒不着齗也. 《千金》
Translation영역
Where there is a yellow-black matter stuck to the tooth, like rotten bone in appearance, it is named the tooth bed. One treating the teeth should first look for this and scrape it away with a gan blade; otherwise the tooth does not hold to the gum.
Clinical note임상 주석
Calculus scraped off with a blade, and the reason given is the right one: leave it and the tooth loses its attachment. That is scaling, described in a line, and it is the soundest sentence in the chapter.
Cheongeum 千金
Source원문
一人中年得風疾, 上下齒常磨切相叩甚有聲響, 緣此得壽一百二十歲. 《抱朴》
Translation영역
A man in middle age got a wind ailment, so that his upper and lower teeth were always grinding and clapping together with a loud sound — and by this he attained a hundred and twenty years.
Pobak 抱朴子
4.24 What Is Forbidden in Tooth Disease 齒病禁忌
Source원문
齒病勿食油及乾棗. 《千金》 患齒者忌脂麻油ㆍ乾棗及桂心, 若犯之卽重發. 《千金》
Translation영역
In tooth disease do not eat oil or dried jujubes. One suffering in the teeth should avoid sesame oil, dried jujubes and cinnamon heartwood; offend in this and it breaks out again badly.
Cheongeum 千金
Source원문
凡人好患齒病, 多由月蝕夜飮食之所致也. 所以日月蝕未平時, 特忌飮食. 《千金》
Translation영역
Where a person is much troubled with tooth disease, it mostly comes of eating and drinking on the night of an eclipse of the moon. Therefore while an eclipse of the sun or moon is not yet over, eating and drinking are particularly forbidden.
Cheongeum 千金
4.25 Reading Disease from the Colour of the Teeth 視齒色占病
Source원문
病人唇腫齒焦者死, 脾腎絶也. 《扁鵲》 病人齒忽變黑者, 十三日死, 少陰絶也. 《扁鵲》 病人陰陽俱竭, 其齒如熟小豆者死. 《扁鵲》
Translation영역
Where a patient's lips are swollen and the teeth scorched, death — the spleen and kidney are cut off. Where a patient's teeth suddenly turn black, death in thirteen days — the lesser yin is cut off. Where a patient's yin and yang are both exhausted and the teeth are like boiled adzuki beans, death.
Pyeonjak 扁鵲
4.26 Simple Medicinals 單方
Source원문
凡二十七種. 有如神散.
Translation영역
Twenty-seven kinds in all. There is Yeosin-san 如神散, Spirit-Like Powder.
Clinical note임상 주석
The chapter's only compounded formula among the simples, and the simples section names it at its head so the reader does not look for it among the formularies above.
Donguibogam · Ahchi
Source원문
白礬 治牙齒腫痛. 枯白礬ㆍ露蜂房 等分爲末, 每二錢, 水煎, 熱渫痛處, 冷吐之. 《本草》
Translation영역
Alum (白礬): Treats swelling and pain of the teeth. Calcined alum and hornet's nest in equal parts, powdered; 2 don each time decocted in water, the painful place bathed with it hot, and spat out when it has gone cold.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
雄黃 殺齒蟲. 取爲末, 和棗肉作丸, 塞蛀孔. 《本草》
Translation영역
Realgar (雄黃): Kills the tooth worm. Take it powdered, make pills with jujube flesh, and plug the cavity with one.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is not to be used.** Realgar is arsenic sulphide and the method puts it in a cavity in direct contact with dentine and, through it, the pulp and the circulation. 齒蟲, the tooth worm, is the tradition's explanation for dental caries — a worm eating the tooth from within — and it is a reasonable inference from what a cavity looks like. The agent is bacterial and the treatment is excavation and filling.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
膽礬 治蟲牙痛. ○齒痛落盡, 膽礬末和人乳汁, 擦病齒上及孔中, 日三, 痛止, 齒復生, 百日如故. 《本草》
Translation영역
Chalcanthite (膽礬): Treats the pain of a worm-eaten tooth. ○ Where the teeth have ached and all fallen out: powdered chalcanthite mixed with human milk, rubbed on the diseased teeth and into the cavities, three times a day; the pain stops, the teeth grow again, and in a hundred days they are as they were.
Clinical note임상 주석
齒復生, the teeth grow again — human permanent teeth do not regrow, and the chapter has a whole section, 落齒重生方, devoted to methods that claim they can. Chalcanthite is copper sulphate; it is astringent and antiseptic and will do nothing of the kind.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
白鹽 治齒根宣露動搖. 以鹽末擦之, 熱湯含漱百遍, 不過五日, 齒卽牢固. 《本草》 ○齒衂, 鹽湯漱卽止. 《本草》 ○百荷鹽末擦牙固齒尤良
Translation영역
White salt (白鹽): Treats tooth roots laid bare with the teeth loose. Rub them with powdered salt and rinse the mouth with hot water a hundred times, and in no more than five days the teeth are firm. ○ For bleeding from the gums, a salt-water rinse stops it at once. ○ Salt powdered with mint, rubbed on the teeth to firm them, is better still.
Clinical note임상 주석
齒根宣露動搖 — the roots laid bare and the teeth loose — is periodontal disease with gingival recession, and 齒衂 is bleeding gums. Salt rubbed on the gums and warm salt rinses are what the condition was treated with for most of human history, and a warm saline rinse is still recommended after dental work. What actually arrests the disease is removing the plaque and calculus, which the rubbing does crudely and a scaler does properly.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
靑鹽 入腎入骨, 能固齒. 擦噙幷佳. 《得效》 ○治一切牙疼. 靑鹽 二兩ㆍ曰鹽 四兩, 用川椒四兩煎汁, 拌炒二鹽, 爲末, 擦牙上, 仍用溫水含漱吐之. 洗眼尤妙. 《入門》
Translation영역
Blue rock salt (靑鹽): Enters the kidney and enters the bone, and is able to firm the teeth. Rubbing it on and holding it in the mouth are both good. ○ To treat every kind of toothache: blue rock salt 2 nyang and white salt 4 nyang; decoct 4 nyang of Sichuan pepper for the liquid, mix the two salts with it and parch them, powder them and rub them on the teeth, then rinse the mouth with warm water and spit it out. Used to wash the eyes it is better still.
Clinical note임상 주석
A medicated tooth powder, and a well-made one: two salts carrying an analgesic. Sichuan pepper's sanshools produce a numbing tingle, which is exactly what is wanted in a dentifrice for aching teeth, and the salt both abrades the plaque and draws fluid out of swollen gums. This is the entry from which the Korean salt toothpowders descend.
Deukhyo 得效 · Immun 入門
Source원문
升麻 治口齒風䘌腫痛ㆍ牙根浮爛出膿血. 煎湯服之, 仍頻含漱. 《本草》
Translation영역
Cimicifuga (升麻): Treats wind erosion of the mouth and teeth with swelling and pain, and tooth roots puffy and ulcerated discharging pus and blood. Decoct it and take, and also use it frequently as a rinse.
Clinical note임상 주석
牙根浮爛出膿血 is advanced periodontitis with suppuration, and the entry treats it both internally and as a rinse, which is the right two-pronged instinct. Cimicifuga is the corpus's chief drug for the gums and is in nearly every formula in this chapter.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
白蒺藜 治風牙痛及疳蝕. 爲末二錢, 入鹽一匙, 水煎, 帶熱含漱, 大能止痛固齒. 《入門》
Translation영역
Tribulus (白蒺藜): Treats wind toothache and gan erosion. Powder it, 2 don, put in a spoonful of salt, decoct in water and hold it in the mouth and rinse while still warm; it is greatly able to stop the pain and firm the teeth.
Immun 入門
Source원문
骨碎補 治牙齒痛動搖血出. 取二兩剉, 炒令黑色爲末, 盥漱後揩齒根, 良久吐之. 《綱目》 ○骨碎補銅刀切片, 銅鍋炒, 以槐枝攪, 至微黑色住火, 停冷又炒至老黑色, 硏爲末, 無時擦牙, 極能堅骨固齒, 痛不復作. 如牙動搖將落, 頻頻用之, 立住, 再不復動搖. 《醫鑑》
Translation영역
Drynaria (骨碎補): Treats aching teeth, loose and bleeding. Take 2 nyang, cut up, parch it black and powder it; after rinsing the mouth rub it on the tooth roots, and after a good while spit it out — good. ○ Drynaria sliced with a copper knife and parched in a copper pan, stirred with a pagoda-tree twig until it is slightly blackened, then taken off the fire; when it has cooled, parched again until deeply black, ground to a powder, and rubbed on the teeth at any time. It is extremely able to strengthen the bone and firm the teeth, and the pain does not return. Where a tooth is loose and about to fall out, using it frequently halts it at once and it never loosens again.
Clinical note임상 주석
骨碎補, the mender of broken bones, and it is the one drug in this section given for the alveolar bone rather than the tooth or the gum — which is the right target, since what loosens a tooth is bone loss. It remains the standard drug for loose teeth and for periodontal bone loss in Korean practice. The two-stage parching described in the second method, with a cooling period between, is a controlled char rather than a burn.
Gangmok 綱目 · Uigam 醫鑑
Source원문
細辛 治風冷齒痛, 又治蛀牙痛. 細辛ㆍ白芷煎湯含漱. 《綱目》
Translation영역
Asarum (細辛): Treats toothache from wind and cold, and also the pain of a worm-eaten tooth. Asarum and dahurian angelica decocted and used as a mouth rinse.
Clinical note임상 주석
Asarum is the corpus's reflex drug for toothache and it has a genuine local anaesthetic action from its methyl eugenol — chemically close to the eugenol of clove oil, which is still used in dentistry. Used as a rinse it is not swallowed, which matters: asarum contains aristolochic acid and is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic taken internally.
Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
苦參 治齲齒痛. 煎湯日漱三升, 五六日愈. 仍灸列缺穴. 《漢史》
Translation영역
Sophora root (苦參): Treats the pain of a decayed tooth. Decoct it and rinse with 3 seung a day, and in five or six days it heals. Also apply moxa at Yeolgyeol (列缺, LU7).
Clinical note임상 주석
The citation is to a history rather than a medical text, which is unusual in the Bogam and marks this as a famous case: it is the cure recorded in the Hanshu's life of the scholar Che. Three seung of rinse a day for five or six days is an intensive course, and sophora root's matrine is genuinely antibacterial.
Hansa 漢史
Source원문
天仙子 卽莨菪子也. 主齒痛出蟲. 《本草》 ○蟲牙痛, 當孔咬之, 蟲出. 《本草》 ○蟲牙痛, 天仙子燒烟, 以竹筒抵牙引烟熏之, 其蟲卽死, 永差. 《綱目》
Translation영역
Henbane seed (天仙子): That is, the henbane seed. It governs toothache and brings the worm out. ○ For the pain of a worm-eaten tooth, bite on it over the cavity and the worm comes out. ○ For the pain of a worm-eaten tooth: burn henbane seed for smoke, set a bamboo tube against the tooth and draw the smoke onto it, and the worm dies at once and the cure is lasting.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This must not be prepared.** Henbane is Hyoscyamus niger and its tropane alkaloids — hyoscine, hyoscyamine and atropine — are absorbed readily through the oral mucosa and from the smoke, and the margin between an effect and a poisoning is narrow; delirium, tachycardia and death are all documented. The reason the method persisted is that it works: henbane is a real analgesic and sedative, and burning it and drawing the smoke onto an aching tooth was dental practice across Eurasia for centuries. The small white things said to drop out of the smoke are the seed husks, which is where the tooth-worm story was confirmed for everyone who tried it.
Boncho 本草 · Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
巴豆 治牙疼. 巴豆一粒煨熟去殼ㆍ大蒜一瓣, 剜其中安巴豆, 合定, 綿裹, 隨患處塞左右耳中. 《本草》 ○蟲牙痛, 巴豆肉一粒ㆍ川椒末一錢, 右末, 飯丸麻子大, 綿裹塞孔中. 《直指》 ○治蟲牙痛, 巴豆肉一枚, 香油燈上燒過, 塡入孔中. 《綱目》
Translation영역
Croton seed (巴豆): Treats toothache. One croton seed roasted through in the embers and shelled, and one clove of garlic; hollow out the garlic, set the croton inside it, close it up, wrap it in cotton wool and plug it into the ear on whichever side the pain is. ○ For the pain of a worm-eaten tooth: one croton kernel and 1 don of powdered Sichuan pepper, powdered together, made into pills the size of a hemp seed with cooked rice, wrapped in cotton wool and plugged into the cavity. ○ To treat the pain of a worm-eaten tooth: one croton kernel burnt over a sesame-oil lamp and packed into the cavity.
Clinical note임상 주석
**Croton is not to be put into a cavity or taken internally.** Croton oil is one of the most violent irritants in the materia medica and it blisters mucosa on contact. The first method is harmless by comparison, since nothing enters the mouth: it is the plug-the-ear-on-the-painful-side manoeuvre, which belongs with the contralateral-nostril methods of the Eye chapter.
Boncho 本草 · Jikji 直指 · Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
胡桐淚 治風疳䘌齒ㆍ牙疼痛ㆍ骨槽風勞. 爲末擦之. 《本草》 ○治口齒爲最要之物. 《本草》 ○寒牙痛勿用. 《綱目》
Translation영역
Poplar gum (胡桐淚): Treats wind and gan erosion of the teeth, toothache, and the bone-socket wind taxation. Powder it and rub it on. ○ For the mouth and teeth it is the most essential substance of all. ○ For a cold toothache do not use it.
Clinical note임상 주석
The caution is the point: this is a cold drug, and the chapter divides toothache into hot and cold at its head, 齒病惡寒惡熱, by whether cold water eases it or makes it worse. A tooth that is eased by cold is read as hot and gets this; a tooth that hurts more with cold gets the Sichuan pepper and asarum. The distinction is clinically real — a pulp that is irreversibly inflamed is characteristically relieved by cold — and it is one of the better pieces of reasoning in the chapter. 骨槽風 is osteomyelitis of the jaw.
Boncho 本草 · Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
川椒 堅齒髮, 除齒痛. 《本草》 ○齒痛, 醋煎含漱吐之. 《本草》 ○凡齒痛惟藉川椒麻痺, 熱痛勿用. 《直指》 ○牙齒痛, 川椒ㆍ露蜂房 等分爲末, 每二錢, 入鹽一匙, 水煎含漱吐之, 名如神散. 《局方》
Translation영역
Sichuan pepper (川椒): Firms the teeth and the hair and removes toothache. ○ For toothache, decoct it in vinegar, hold it in the mouth, rinse and spit it out. ○ In toothache generally one relies on the numbing of Sichuan pepper; for a hot pain do not use it. ○ For aching teeth: Sichuan pepper and hornet's nest in equal parts, powdered; 2 don each time with a spoonful of salt, decocted in water, held in the mouth, rinsed and spat out. It is called Yeosin-san 如神散, Like a Spirit Powder.
Clinical note임상 주석
惟藉川椒麻痺 — in toothache one relies on the numbing of Sichuan pepper — and the word is 麻痺, numbness, not 止痛, stopping pain. The sanshools in Sichuan pepper act on mechano- receptors and produce a distinctive tingling numbness of the mucosa, so the chapter is describing a topical anaesthetic and describing it accurately. 如神散 is the one formula this section names.
Boncho 本草 · Jikji 直指 · Gukbang 局方
Source원문
郁李根 治齒痛, 堅齒. 《本草》 ○齒齲腫痛, 郁李根白皮切, 水煮濃汁, 含漱, 冷卽易, 吐出蟲卽愈. 《本草》
Translation영역
Bush cherry root (郁李根): Treats toothache and firms the teeth. ○ For a decayed tooth swollen and painful: bush cherry root bark cut up, boiled in water to a strong liquid, held in the mouth and rinsed with, changed when it goes cold, and when the worm is spat out it heals.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
白楊樹皮 治牙痛. 醋煎含漱吐之. 《本草》 ○齒痛, 白楊樹皮或葉煎湯, 含漱吐之. 《類聚》
Translation영역
Poplar bark (白楊樹皮): Treats toothache. Decoct it in vinegar, hold it in the mouth, rinse and spit it out. ○ For toothache, decoct poplar bark or leaves and use as a rinse, spitting it out.
Clinical note임상 주석
Poplar bark contains salicin, the compound from which aspirin was made, and a vinegar decoction extracts it well. This is a genuine analgesic rinse, arrived at empirically and independently of the willow entries elsewhere in the book.
Boncho 本草 · Yuchwi 類聚
Source원문
露蜂房 治牙齒痛. 煎湯含漱. 《本草》 ○蟲痛有孔, 蜂房ㆍ細辛煎湯含漱. 《本草》
Translation영역
Hornet's nest (露蜂房): Treats aching teeth. Decoct it and use as a mouth rinse. ○ For the pain of a worm-eaten tooth with a cavity: hornet's nest and asarum decocted and used as a rinse.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
啄木鳥 斲木愈齲. 《淮南》 ○蛀牙有孔痛, 啄木鳥舌尖, 綿裹, 當痛處咬之, 立差. 《本草》 ○牙齒疳䘌, 啄木鳥燒爲末, 納孔中, 不過三度差. 《本草》
Translation영역
Woodpecker (啄木鳥): It hews at wood, and so it heals decay. ○ For a worm-eaten tooth with a painful cavity: the tip of a woodpecker's tongue wrapped in cotton wool, bitten on over the painful place, and it is cured at once. ○ For gan erosion of the teeth: a woodpecker burnt to a powder and put into the cavity; in no more than three applications it is cured.
Clinical note임상 주석
斲木愈齲, it hews at wood and so it heals decay — the Huainanzi line, quoted as the whole justification, and it is the plainest statement of signature doctrine in the chapter. The bird bores into wood as the worm bores into the tooth, so the bird undoes the worm. Woodpecker appears again in the Worm and Posterior Yin chapters on exactly the same reasoning.
Hwenam 淮南 · Boncho 本草
Source원문
蟾酥 主蟲牙痛. 取少許入孔中, 涎出吐之, 勿嚥. 《本草》 ○牙齒痛, 蟾酥用銀珠摻和爲丸, 如蘿葍子大, 擦上患處, 便不疼. 至三丸, 吐濃涎數口, 便愈. 《綱目》
Translation영역
Toad venom (蟾酥): Governs the pain of a worm-eaten tooth. Put a little into the cavity, and when the drool comes spit it out — do not swallow it. ○ For aching teeth: toad venom mixed with cinnabar and made into pills the size of a radish seed, rubbed on the affected place, and the pain goes at once. By the third pill, with several mouthfuls of thick drool spat out, it heals.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This must not be prepared.** Toad venom contains bufadienolides, which are cardiac glycosides: they act like digitalis and cause arrhythmia and cardiac arrest, and deaths from traditional preparations containing it are documented. The second method adds cinnabar, mercuric sulphide, on top. 勿嚥, do not swallow, is in the base text and shows the compiler knew the danger; it is not a sufficient safeguard for a drug put in the mouth. The venom is a genuine local anaesthetic, which is why it was used.
Boncho 本草 · Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
蜘蛛 治牙疳臭. 蜘蛛殼爲末, 入胭脂ㆍ麝香付之. 《直指》 ○又大蜘蛛燒爲末, 入麝香付之. 《直指》
Translation영역
Spider (蜘蛛): Treats foul-smelling gan of the gums. Spider shell powdered, with rouge and musk put in, and applied. ○ Or a large spider burnt to a powder with musk put in, and applied.
Clinical note임상 주석
牙疳臭, the foul-smelling gan of the gums, is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis — painful, bleeding, ulcerated gums with a characteristic foul odour — and in a malnourished child it can progress to noma, which destroys the face. It is a bacterial infection and it responds dramatically to metronidazole and to debridement. Musk is prohibited.
Jikji 直指
Source원문
杏仁 牙齦痛, 杏仁百枚ㆍ鹽一錢ㆍ水一升, 煮令沫出, 含漱吐之, 三度差. 《本草》 ○杏仁燒硏如泥, 綿裹納䘌齒孔中, 能殺蟲. 《本草》 ○風蟲牙痛, 鍼刺杏仁, 淸油燈上烟熏, 乘熱搭病齒上, 連用七箇, 永絶不痛. 《得效》
Translation영역
Apricot kernel (杏仁): For aching gums: apricot kernels, a hundred of them, with 1 don of salt and 1 seung of water, boiled until it froths, held in the mouth and rinsed with and spat out; in three applications it is cured. ○ Apricot kernel burnt and ground to a paste, wrapped in cotton wool and put into the cavity of an eroded tooth; it is able to kill the worm. ○ For wind-and-worm toothache: stick an apricot kernel on a needle, smoke it over a clear-oil lamp, and while it is still hot press it on the diseased tooth; use seven in succession and the pain never returns.
Clinical note임상 주석
The third method is a heat application delivered on a skewered kernel, and applying heat to a tooth is diagnostic as much as therapeutic — a pulp that is irreversibly inflamed responds to heat with a lingering pain, which is the sign that the tooth needs opening or extracting rather than soothing.
Boncho 本草 · Deukhyo 得效
Source원문
絲瓜 蛀牙痛, 先以溫米醋含漱出蟲, 又以絲瓜燒存性爲末擦之. 《綱目》 ○風蟲牙痛, 霜殺老絲瓜燒存性爲末, 擦痛處, 立止. 《得效》
Translation영역
Sponge gourd (絲瓜): For the pain of a worm-eaten tooth, first hold warm rice vinegar in the mouth and rinse to bring the worm out, then burn sponge gourd with its nature retained, powder it and rub it on. ○ For wind-and-worm toothache: an old sponge gourd killed by the frost, burnt with its nature retained and powdered, rubbed on the painful place, and it stops at once.
Gangmok 綱目 · Deukhyo 得效
Source원문
雄雀屎 主齲齒. 取屎綿裹塞孔內, 日一易. 《本草》
Translation영역
Cock sparrow's droppings (雄雀屎): Govern a decayed tooth. Take the droppings, wrap them in cotton wool and plug them into the cavity, changing it once a day.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
鹿茸 能生齒固齒, 令不老. 末服丸服皆佳. 《本草》
Translation영역
Deer antler velvet (鹿茸): Is able to make teeth grow and to firm them, and keeps one from ageing. Taken as a powder or as pills, both are good.
Clinical note임상 주석
The reasoning is that antler is the one bone in nature that regrows every year, so the drug that is made from it should regrow a tooth. Antler velvet is the corpus's chief kidney-supplementing drug and the kidney governs the bones and the teeth, so the argument is internally consistent at two levels at once. Teeth do not regrow.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
羊脛骨灰 能堅齒, 治腎虛齒搖動. 常擦之妙. 《入門》 ○牙齒踈豁, 須用之. 《丹心》
Translation영역
Ash of sheep's shin bone (羊脛骨灰): Is able to firm the teeth and treats loose teeth from kidney vacuity. Rubbing it on regularly is excellent. ○ Where the teeth are sparse and gappy, this must be used.
Clinical note임상 주석
牙齒踈豁, the teeth sparse and gappy, is what periodontal bone loss looks like as the papillae recede and spaces open between the teeth. Calcined bone is calcium phosphate — the same mineral as tooth and bone — and the reasoning is bone for bone. As a dentifrice it is a mild abrasive, which is not nothing.
Immun 入門 · Dansim 丹心
Source원문
牛齒 固牙齒. 取殺牛齒三十枚, 火煆爲末, 取二錢, 水煎, 熱漱冷吐, 且以末擦之, 搖動者皆堅牢. 《本草》
Translation영역
Ox teeth (牛齒): Firm the teeth. Take thirty teeth from a slaughtered ox, calcine them in the fire and powder them; take 2 don, decoct it in water, rinse with it hot and spit it out cold, and also rub the powder on, and the loose teeth all become firm.
Boncho 本草
Source원문
馬夜眼 治風蟲牙痛. 馬夜眼以刀刮起如米大, 扱孔中, 或咬在痛處, 瀝出涎, 勿嚥, 卽差斷根. 《得效》
Translation영역
Horse's night eye (馬夜眼): Treats wind-and-worm toothache. Scrape up a piece of the horse's night eye with a knife, about the size of a grain of rice, poke it into the cavity, or bite on it over the painful place; let the drool run out and do not swallow it, and it is cured and the root of it is gone.
Clinical note임상 주석
馬夜眼 is the horny callosity on the inside of a horse's leg, so called because it was thought to be what lets the animal see in the dark. The section closes on it, and on the same instruction given for the toad venom above — let the drool run out and do not swallow. Across twenty-seven entries the chapter's most-repeated practical advice is to spit, which for anything put in a cavity is the right advice.
Deukhyo 得效
4.27 Acupuncture and Moxibustion 鍼灸法
Source원문
靈樞曰, 齒痛不惡淸飮, 取足陽明, 上齒痛亦如之; 齒痛惡淸飮, 取手陽明, 下齒痛亦如之.
Translation영역
The Lingshu says: where a toothache does not dread cold drink, take the foot yang brightness, and so too for pain of the upper teeth; where a toothache dreads cold drink, take the hand yang brightness, and so too for pain of the lower teeth.
Yeongchu 靈樞
Source원문
手陽明有入口徧齒者, 名曰大迎, 下齒齲取之; 足太陽有入口徧齒者, 名曰角孫, 上齒齲取之. 《得效》
Translation영역
The hand yang brightness has one that enters the mouth and goes all round the teeth, named Daeyeong (大迎, ST5), taken for decay of the lower teeth; the foot greater yang has one that does the same, named Gakson (角孫, TE20), taken for decay of the upper teeth.
Deukhyo 得效
Source원문
手陽明之別, 名曰偏歷, 主齒寒痛, 宜取此. 《內經》
Translation영역
The hand yang brightness's connecting vessel, named Pyeollyeok (偏歷, LI6), governs cold toothache, and should be taken.
Naegyeong 內經
Source원문
牙痛牙槽, 取太谿灸之. 治上牙齒痛, 二間灸之; 治下牙痛, 委中鍼之. 又足內踝兩尖灸之, 治上牙痛. 龍玄在列缺上靑脉中, 灸之治下牙痛. 承漿ㆍ風府ㆍ合谷ㆍ內庭治上牙痛. 《綱目》
Translation영역
For toothache and tooth-socket disease, moxa Taegye (太谿, KI3). For pain of the upper teeth, moxa Igan (二間, LI2); for pain of the lower teeth, needle Wijung (委中, BL40). Also moxa the two points of the inner ankle for upper toothache. Yonghyeon, on the green vessel above Yeolgyeol (列缺, LU7), moxaed, treats lower toothache. Seungjang (承漿, CV24), Pungbu (風府, GV16), Hapgok (合谷, LI4) and Naejeong (內庭, ST44) treat upper toothache.
Gangmok 綱目
Source원문
齒痛灸列缺 七壯, 永不疼. 又灸肩髃 七壯. 又灸耳垂下牙盡骨上 三壯. 《得效》
Translation영역
For toothache, moxa Yeolgyeol seven cones and it never pains again; also moxa Gyeonu (肩髃, LI15) seven cones; also moxa three cones below the earlobe on the bone at the end of the jaw.
Deukhyo 得效
Source원문
齒痛, 以線量手中指至掌後橫紋, 折爲四分, 去三分, 將一分於橫紋後臂中灸 三壯, 隨左右. 《得效》
Translation영역
For toothache, measure with a thread from the middle finger to the transverse crease behind the palm, fold it into four parts, discard three, and taking one part measure back from the crease along the forearm and moxa three cones there, on the side of the pain.
Deukhyo 得效
Source원문
牙疼, 屈手大指本節後陷中灸 三壯. 初灸覺牙疼, 再灸覺牙有聲, 三灸疼止, 永不復作. 恐是陽谿穴也. 左疼灸右, 右疼灸左. 《資生》
Translation영역
For toothache, bend the thumb and moxa three cones in the hollow behind its base joint. At the first cone the tooth is felt to ache, at the second a sound is felt in the tooth, at the third the pain stops and never comes again. This is probably the point Yanggye (陽谿, LI5). For pain on the left moxa the right, for pain on the right the left.
Clinical note임상 주석
恐是陽谿穴也 — this is probably the point Yanggye. The Jasaeng admits it is not certain which point the method means, and the Bogam prints the doubt rather than resolving it.
Jasaenggyeong 資生經
Source원문
牙疼百藥不效, 灸兩耳當 三壯, 立止. 《回春》 口齒蝕生瘡, 灸承漿. 《正傳》
Translation영역
Where a toothache answers to no medicine, moxa three cones at the middle of both ears and it stops at once. For decay of mouth and teeth with sores arising, moxa Seungjang.
Hoechun 回春 · Jeongjeon 正傳
About this translation 凡例
Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Outer Form, Volume 2, Teeth chapter. The Chinese text is collated against the public-domain Wikisource transcription and a printed edition; original character forms (脉, 人參) are retained. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.